Haplogroup R1b

Normans & Anglo-Saxons:

2012-01-25T21:13:00.000-08:00

Normans & Anglo-Saxons:

Our ancient family has come from Western Germany, branching out to the south into Switzerland & North-West into the Netherlands.

We settled all over the British Isles; from there we made our way to the Eastern coastline of the United States.

Y-DNA - Advanced Y-STR Markers:

Y-STR DNA-FP Panel 5 Palindromic Pack

Marker - DYS464X
Value: 15c-15c-17c-17g (cccg)

Wales Cymru DNA Project - Results...
Byrnes DNA... Bran...
The Leinster Modal... (Monarchy of all Ireland about 200AD) King Conn - Cathair Mor King of Leinster...
Quilliam (FitzWilliam)... William Rufus...
Walden/Waldon/Waldron/Wallen/Walling Y-DNA Results... Anglo-Saxon, Essex, Yorkshire...

One possibility is the Scottish cluster of L257 is reminiscent of the Roman-Frisian presence along the Hadrian Wall, as archeologically attested by Housesteads Ware finds. This pottery has a strong relationship to contemporary pottery found in the northern part of the Netherlands. Jobey (1979) published about its relationship to “Frisian pottery” in Frisia, Groningen and Zuid Holland. New finds in Noord Holland can be added: Schagen, Uitgeest, Assendelver Polders, possibly the island of Texel. It has been dated between the first and fourth century AD, sometimes identified by the name Tritsum pottery that is a subdivision of what in Dutch is known as “Streepband-aardewerk” (something like “stripe strip pottery”), that by this name has been found all over along the Dutch coastal areas. The “oldest” Swiss/Dutch cluster of L257 (defined by U106*-like DYS464X=cccg) was found in the neighborhood of Aargau, northern Swiss. A peculiar Swiss tradition has it that Swiss was populated in the Migration Period by a considerable contigent of Frisians:

[...] in a chronicle written by one John Pfintiner of Uri, about 1414. In the Waldstetten the ethnographical legend of that chronicle
(which has perished) found, of course, ready credence and great favour. It was soon improved by Johann Friind, State Secretary of Schwyz, who composed an enlarged and embellished version of it. This official annalist gave most liberal details of the emigration of the Waldstetten people from Sweden and Frisia, and derives the name of Swiz, subsequently changed into Schwyz, from one of their leaders called Swyterus. (Buchheim 1871, p.xlvii)

A third cluster is also present in the Netherlands (where we could expect a presumably Frisian SNP), while the fourth has an undefined distribution in England. The fifth cluster, however, is specifically linked to one surname, Waters, that originates in Shropshire, Mercian territory.

Austrasia: eastern land; Merovingian - formed the northeastern portion of the Kingdom of the Merovingian Franks, comprising parts of the territory of present-day eastern France, western Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.

Merovech... Salian Franks... Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor... House of Habsburg... House of Valois-Burgundy... Salland... Childeric I... Merovingian... Clovis...

Kings & Queens of England or Great Britain:

James I (1566-1625) => R1b-L21 (Y-DNA)
Charles I (1600-1649) => R1b-L21 (Y-DNA)
Charles II (1630-1685) => R1b-L21 (Y-DNA)
James II (1633-1701) => R1b-L21 (Y-DNA)
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh => R1b (Y-DNA)
Charles, Prince of Wales => R1b (Y-DNA)
William, Prince of Wales => R1b (Y-DNA)

Kings & Queens of Denmark:

All the Kings of Denmark since Christian I (reigned from 1448) belonged to haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)

Christian I (1426-1481)
John (1455-1513)
Christian II (1481-1559)
Frederick I
Christian III
Frederick II
Christian IV
Frederick III
Christian V
Frederick IV
Christian VI
Frederick V
Christian VII
Frederick VI
Christian VIII
Frederick VII
Christian IX (1818-1906)
Frederick VIII (1843-1912)
Christian X (1870-1947)
Frederick IX (1899-1972)

Kings of Norway

Haakon VII (1872-1957) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Olav V (1903-1991) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Harald V (1937-) => R1b (Y-DNA)

Kings & Queens of Sweden

Christian I (1426-1481) => R1b (Y-DNA)
John (1455-1513) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Christian II (1481-1559) => R1b (Y-DNA)

Tsars & Empress of Russia

Romanov dynasty since Paul I => R1b (Y-DNA) :

Paul I (1754-1801)
Alexander I (1777-1825)
Constantine I (1779-1831)
Nicholas I (1796-1855)
Alexander II (1818-1881)
Alexander III (1845-1894)
Nicholas II (1868-1918)

Kings & Queens of Greece

George I (1845-1913) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Constantine I (1868-1923) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Alexander (1893-1920) => R1b (Y-DNA)
George II (1890-1947) => R1b (Y-DNA)

2 Steps from Exact: DYS391 & DYS439

DYS393 DYS390 DYS19** DYS391 DYS385 DYS426 DYS388 DYS439 DYS389I DYS392 DYS389II***

13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29

13 24 14 10 11-14 11 13 13 29

Pharaoh Tutankhamun, Akhenaten and Amenhotep III were R1b:

The Egyptians have tested autosomal and Y-DNA markers of three Pharaohs of the 18th dynasty : Amenhotep III, his son Akhenaten and grandson Tutankhamun.

Mark of man - Cro-Magnon DNA - Freemasonry from Pharaohs to Frankish / Normans

Search Hotels in Paris

2011-12-17T21:57:00.000-08:00

http://paris-hotels-24.com/

Design business

2011-06-01T04:56:00.000-07:00

http://www.racitidesigns.com/

Norman origin - pre-Saxon Celtic connection... Frankish?

2011-06-01T03:47:00.000-07:00

My DYS464 = 15 15 17 17 - indicates a common Norman origin - it also goes back to a pre-Saxon Celtic connection...

Maltese Knights... of Catania, Sicily

2011-01-03T03:42:00.000-08:00

My male line ancestors of Catania came from France/Norman with most DNA matches found in Wales & Scotland.

The Maltese Militia List of 1419AD to 1420 AD - Cagege/Caggegi - Maltese Knights.

My Norman Y-DNA Matches in Europe:

2010-06-12T20:28:00.001-07:00

My Norman Y-DNA Matches in Europe:

Exact Matches:

Cambro-Norman - Wales: 5.3%
Scoto-Norman - Scotland: 4.5%
Anglo-Norman - United Kingdom: 4.0%
Normandy - France: 4.0%
Italo-Norman - Italy: 1.6%

One Step Mutations:

Cambro-Norman - Wales: 15.9%
Hiberno-Norman - Ireland: 13.4%
Normandy - France: 13.1%
Hiberno-Norman -Northern Ireland: 12.4%
Portugal: 12.4%

Insular Celts, Gaulish Celts & Kiukainen Culture.

2009-12-08T17:59:00.001-08:00

Sicilians with Celtic & Finnish genes. Post 11th Century on the island of Sicily.

Ancient German & Ancient Basque - DNA

2009-08-22T05:08:00.001-07:00

Ancient Basque DNA

Late Antiquity Basque DNA (1,400 years old)

Y-DNA

23 haplogroup R1b

Ancient German DNA

Lichtenstein Cave Bronze-Age Family (3,000 years old, Lower Saxony) :

Y-DNA

1 haplogroup R1b

International Social Networks:

2009-06-19T17:43:00.000-07:00

International Social Networks:

Linkedin.com Business Networks:

Monash University Alumni - Members (1,520)
UTS Alumni - Members (1,168)
International Council of Graphic Design Associations - Members (558)

Facebook Groups/Networks:

Provincia Di Catania/Province Of Catania - 961 members
St Bedes College, Mentone - 956 members
The Normans - 568 members
Central Queensland University - CQU - 402 members
Swinburne Alumni - 255 members
Santo Stefano Di Camastra, Messina, Sicilia, Italia - 223 members
Raciti Family - 188 members
Haplogroup R1b - 185 members
House of Merlo - 139 members
Golden & Silver Age Comics - 121 members
Randazzo, Catania, Sicilia, Italia - 115 members
House of Azzolina - 101 members

House of Habsburg

2008-06-22T05:33:00.001-07:00

Charles V of Spain Holy Roman Emperor "House of Habsburg" proclaimed the people of Randazzo were all knights (emperor-elect 1519–1530).

Barone di Azzolina

2008-06-21T18:25:00.000-07:00

Barone di Santo Stefano di Camastra 98077
Barone di Santo Stefano di Mistretta 98077
Barone di Contrada Felicita 98077
Barone di Contrada Puzzarello 98077
Barone di Contrada Sparta 98077
Barone di Contrada Antara 98077

Baron of Santo Stefano di Camastra - Trigona
http://www.bestofsicily.com/peers.htm

Barone di Santo Stefano di Mistretta [+donna Maria-Carolina Trigona, dei principi di S.Elia, n.1896; o Pier Marino Albanese, figlio di donna Giovanna Albanese, nata Trigona].

http://www.chivalricorders.org/nobility/peersici.htm

Barone di Azzolina

La famiglia Trigonna o Trigona, Triona o anche De Trigona, presente negli archivi di Licata sin dal 1550, appartiene ad una casta nobiliare assai nota trapiantatasi in quasi tutti i maggiori centri della Sicilia. Qui passò verso il secolo XIII con Ermanno Trigona, valoroso capitano dell’imperatore Federico II, e vi ebbe come compenso, nel 1239, la castallania ed il castello di Mistretta; godette nobiltà a Catania, Siracusa, Piazza Armerina Palermo e Licata, acquisendo il principato di Sant’Elia, il ducato di Misterbianco, i marchesati di Canicarao e di S. Cono, le baronie di Aliano, di S. Andrea, S. Antonio, Azzolina, Belvedere di Giuna Mirabella e Roccabianca. Lo stemma del casato di cui si fregiò rappresenta un’aquila negra coronata, recante sul petto uno scudo con incisa una cometa che illumina col suo raggio un triangolo, simbolo probabilmente del nome della famiglia. A Licata fu portata da un Trigona, barone di Rabugino, che pose la sua dimora assai sontuosa in Via S. Andrea, angolo Via Collegio, dove ancora si ammira un grandioso portale sulla cui sommità si staglia l’aquila sveva. La famiglia Trigona trae le sue origini dai duchi dei Monti Chiri di Svezia e dal duca Salardo, il cui figlio Caroldo, Militando sotto re Pipino, acquisto molti castelli e signorie, tra cui quella di Trigona o Trigonne, in Picardia ( Francia ), da cui la famiglia derivò il cognome. Sempre a Licata i Trigona s’imparentarono con le famiglie Adonnino, Platamone, Vitale, Formica, Averna, Cannada, occupando comunemente cariche pubbliche di rilievo e annoverandosi quali insigni membri della confraternita dei nobili e della compagnia del SS. Sacramento della chiesa Madre, alla quale lasciarono una lauta rendita. In una lapide della chiesa del S. Purgatorio di Licata, recante la data dell’anno 1768, figura il nome di don Bonaventura Trigona, barone di Rabigino, in quel tempo consigliere della confraternita di S. Giacomo d’Altopasso e segreto della città. Fu egli ad avere la colonna greca Kaibel 258, passata poi in possesso della signora Maria Trigona oggi depositata presso il museo civico. Don Giovanni Trigona, nel 1803, durante l’ultima scorreria turca nelle spiagge di Licata, ebbe dai giurati conferito il comando della cavalleria licatese, combattendo a fianco dei suoi zii, gli Adonnino, ufficiali della milizia cittadina. Il ramo nobiliare dei Trigona, trapiantatosi a Palermo, a Licata si estinse verso la fine del XIX sec

http://www.alicata.org/sito/trigona.html

Piazza Armerina

Azzolina, Farrugio, Floristella, Grottacalda, Ileano, Polleri, Santa Croce, Serrafina

Trigona della Floresta

Si vuole - la famiglia Trigona - originaria di Svezia, e passata in Sicilia nel secolo XIII. Godette nobiltà in Catania, Siracusa, Piazza, Palermo; possedette il principato di Sant'Elia, il ducato di Misterbianco, i marchesati di Canicarao, Dainammare, Floresta, Roccabianca; le baronie di Aliano, Alzacuda, Sant'Andrea, Sant'Antonino, Azzolina, Belvedere o Nicastro, Bessima, Bonfallura, San Cono, San Cosmano, Cugno, Cutumino, Dainammare, Dragofosso, Fontana Murata, Frigentini, Gatta, Gimia Sottana, Grottacalda, Imbaccari, Misilini, Mandrascate, Montagna di Marzo, Rabuggini, Salina Pantano del Rovetto, Salt dei Molini di Piazza, Sinagra, Scitibilini, Spedalotto, Santo Stefano di Mistretta, Ursitto.

Barone di Azzolina

2008-06-21T18:20:00.001-07:00

Sephardic

2008-06-21T04:00:00.001-07:00

Vincenzo Cagege, 19 Sep 1567.

Other Jewish surnames might be Parnis, Refalo, Cagege, Sansuni, Episcopu, the latter frequently resulting from the conversion of a rabbi. It has also been suggested that Muscat could also be of Jewish origin.

Arexula (=Ra]un), Bakibac, Berqax, Bugibba, Buras, Busalib, Buturra, Cadide, Cadumi, Cadus, Cafor, Cagege, Cahalun, Canzuhuc, Carcar, Carchune, Chakem, Cutiti, Dejf, Dorbies, Fartasi, Gazal, Gibasal, Guaractu, Hafaride, Lificar, Mahduf, Mahnuq, Meze, Mifsud, Mihallef, Muhammad, Muhtar, Mula, Muzangar, Sabbara (Zabbara), Sansuni (reintroduced from Sicily), Tabuni, Xara, Zumahac.

Ceara Cagege

Contents of 1031 Kettubot from the Sephardic Portuguese community (Grana or Leghorn Jews) of Tunis.

Hagege, Hagège

Caggegi/Cagege

2008-06-21T03:11:00.001-07:00

The origin of the 'Maltese' surnames

The Militia List of 1419-20: A new Starting Poin for the Study of Malta's Population

Godfrey Wettinger

Other Jewish surnames might be Parnis, Refalo, Cagege, Sansuni, Episcopu, the latter frequently resulting from the conversion of a rabbi. It has also been suggested that Muscat could also be of Jewish origin.

Cathedral Archives, Mdina, Malta, Università, Quaderni Diversi No. 3: 'Quaternu factu et ordinatu per li nobili capitaneo et Jurati (et or di lu) consiglu per la guardia de la hisula de Mauta anni XIII Indicionis'.

Caggegi/Cagege

Ihesus Christus

Nobili Lancza Vaccaru et Antonj Cagege

[p.186] “Bandi” &c., of the XV Century [II]

E.R. Leopardi

m Pascalinu Cagege f
o Gullielmu Cagege
m Benedittu Cagege
o Salvu Cagege
m Jorgi Cagege
m Orlandu Cagege
m Fidericu Cagege
o Frankinu Cagege
o Antoni Cagege
p Johanni Cagege
Benedittu Cagege
o Aduardu Cagege ii

The Malta Historical Society, 2005.

1. Notary Gullelmus Cagege, married Eva Ragusa. , with issue.

Libro d'Oro di Melita

Some Extinct titled families listings

1.1. Enrico Cagege.

1.2. Massmiliano Cagege.

1.3. Stefana Cagege.

1.4. Eleanora Cagege.

1.5. Carlo Cagege.

R1b1c: U5a1a:

2008-06-20T18:18:00.001-07:00

R1b1c: U5a1a:

Ancient DNA

Cheddar Man
U5a
16192T, 16270T

Niall - Niall of the Nine Hostages
R1b

Famous DNA

Charlie Rose R1b
Spencer Wells R1b
Chris Haley R1b

Presidential DNA/Founding Father DNA

John Adams R1b

John Quincy Adams R1b

Zachary Taylor R1b

Franklin Pierce R1b

James Buchanan R1b

Abraham Lincoln R1b

William McKinley R1B

Woodrow Wilson R1b

Y-DNA: R1b1b2: 13-24-14-11-11-14-12-12-12-13-13-29

2008-06-15T01:04:00.001-07:00

Exact Y-DNA matches with:

Anglo-Norman families - Y-DNA: R1b1b2: M173+ M207+ M269+ M343+ P25+

Y-DNA: R1b1b2: 13-24-14-11-11-14-12-12-12-13-13-29

House of Livet (Levett);
House of Malet;
House of Clare;
House of Saint-Clair;
House of Aubigny (or of Albini)
House of Bourgeois; Bourgondiën
House of Bellême; Bell
House of Bohun;
House of Lacy; Lacy-Hulbert
House of Mortimer; Mortimer Byrd
House of Montgommery; House of Montgomery
House of Saint-Clair; Sinclair

Spelling variations of this family name include: Lévis, Lévi, Lévie, Le Vie, de Lévis, de Lévie, de Lévis, Lévy, Levison, Levisonne, Levisonnes, Levisson, Levissonne, Levissonnes, Levisons, Levissons, Levisont, Levisonts, Levisond, Levisonds, Levey, Lévee, Levis

First found in Ile-de-France, where this remarkable family has been traced since the 12th century.

Spelling variations of this family name include: Lovatt, Lovat, Lovet, Lovett, Lovit, Lovitt

First found in Buckingham where they were seated from very early times and were granted lands by Duke William of Normandy, their liege Lord, for their distinguished assistance at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 A.D.

A multitude of spelling variations characterize Norman surnames. Many variations occurred because Old and Middle English lacked any definite spelling rules. The introduction of Norman French to England also had a pronounced effect, as did the court languages of Latin and French. Therefore, one person was often referred to by several different spellings in a single lifetime. The various spellings include Mallet, Mallett, Mallit, Mallitt, Malott, Mallot.

First found in Suffolk where they were seated as Lords of the Manor of Cidestan.

Endless spelling variations are a prevailing characteristic of Norman surnames. Old and Middle English lacked any definite spelling rules, and the introduction of Norman French added an unfamiliar ingredient to the English linguistic stew. French and Latin, the languages of the court, also influenced spellings. Finally, Medieval scribes generally spelled words according to how they sounded, so one person was often referred to by different spellings in different documents. The name has been spelled Clair, Clare, Clere, O'Clear, O'Clair.

First found in Suffolk where they were seated from very early times and were granted lands by Duke William of Normandy, their liege Lord, for their distinguished assistance at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 A.D.

Spelling variations of this family name include: Sinclair, Saint Clare, Sancto Claro, Singular, Sinclaire, Seincler, Sanclar, Sincklair, Sinclear, Sincler.

First found in the barony of Roslyn near Edinburgh in Scotland.

Many cultural groups lived in the German states in medieval times. Each had its own dialect and traditions, and unique variations of popular names. Low German, which is similar to contemporary Dutch, was spoken in Westphalia. German names are characterized by additions such as regional suffixes and phrases that tell something about the origin or background of its original bearer. Further contributing to the variation in German names was the fact that there were no spelling rules in medieval times: scribes recorded names according to their sound. The recorded spelling variations of Albini include Albini, Albinie, Allbini, Albinni, Albinnie

First found in Bavaria, where the name Albini became noted for its many branches with the region, each house acquiring a status and influence which was envied by the princes of the region.

Throughout the course of history most surnames have undergone changes for many reasons. During the early development of the French language, a son and father may not have chosen to spell their name the same way. Many are simple spelling changes by a person who gave his name, phonetically, to a scribe, priest, or recorder. Many names held prefixes or suffixes which became optional as they passed through the centuries, or were adopted by different branches to signify either a political or religious adherence. Hence, we have many spelling variations of this name, Bourgeois some of which are Bourgeois, Bourgois, Bourgeoys, Bourgeot, Le Bourgeois, de Bourgeois, Bourjois, Bourgès, Bourgeix

First found in Brittany, where the family first originated and maintained their status as one of the more distinguished families of the region.

Norman surnames are characterized by a multitude of spelling variations. The frequent changes in surnames are largely due to the fact that the Old and Middle English languages lacked definite spelling rules. The introduction of Norman French to England, as well as the official court languages of Latin and French, also had pronounced influences on the spelling of surnames. Since medieval scribes and church officials recorded names as they sounded, rather than adhering to any specific spelling rules, it was common to find the same individual referred to with different spellings. The name has been spelled Bellamy, Belamy, Bellamie, Belamie, Bellamey, Bellame, Bellasme, Bellamly.

First found in Shropshire, where they had been granted lands by King William, their liege lord, after the Norman Conquest in 1066 A.D.

Anglo-Norman names tend to be marked by an enormous number of spelling variations. This is largely due to the fact that Old and Middle English lacked any spelling rules when Norman French was introduced in the 11th century. The languages of the English courts at that time were French and Latin. These various languages mixed quite freely in the evolving social milieu. The final element of this mix is that medieval scribes spelled words according to their sounds rather than any definite rules, so a name was often spelled in as many different ways as the number of documents it appeared in. The name was spelled Bohon, Bohun, Bone, Boon, Boone, Bohan, Bound.

First found in Sussex, where they had been granted lands by King William after the Norman Conquest in 1066.

Church officials and medieval scribes often spelled early surnames as they sounded. This practice often resulted in many spelling variations of even a single name. Early versions of the name Lacy included: Lacey, Lacie, Lacy, de Lacy, Lasey, Lassey.

First found in county Limerick where they had been granted lands by Strongbow after the invasion of Ireland in 1172.

Norman surnames are characterized by a multitude of spelling variations. The frequent changes in surnames are largely due to the fact that the Old and Middle English languages lacked definite spelling rules. The introduction of Norman French to England, as well as the official court languages of Latin and French, also had pronounced influences on the spelling of surnames. Since medieval scribes and church officials recorded names as they sounded, rather than adhering to any specific spelling rules, it was common to find the same individual referred to with different spellings. The name has been spelled Mortimer, Mortimor.

First found in Herefordshire where they were seated from very early times and were granted lands by Duke William of Normandy, their liege Lord, for their distinguished assistance at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 A.D.

Spelling variations of this family name include: Montgomery, Mongomery, Montgomerie, Mungummery.

First found in Renfrewshire (Gaelic: Siorrachd Rinn Friù), a historic county of Scotland, today encompassing the Council Areas of Renfrew, East Renfrewshire, and Iverclyde, in the Strathclyde region of southwestern Scotland, where they were granted lands by Malcolm Canmore, King of Scotland.

Baron - Barone - Baro

2008-06-14T19:29:00.001-07:00

Baron - Barone - Baro

Giovanni Merlo-Serraino-Azzolina Caggegi-Raciti

Barone di Santo Stefano di Camastra 98077
Barone di Santo Stefano di Mistretta 98077
Barone di Contrada Felicita 98077
Barone di Contrada Puzzarello 98077
Barone di Contrada Sparta 98077
Barone di Contrada Antara 98077

Exact Y-DNA matches with:

Anglo-Norman families - Y-DNA: R1b1b2: M173+ M207+ M269+ M343+ P25+

Y-DNA: R1b1b2: 13-24-14-11-11-14-12-12-12-13-13-29

House of Livet (Levett);
House of Malet;
House of Clare;
House of Saint-Clair;
House of Aubigny (or of Albini)
House of Bourgeois; Bourgondiën
House of Bellême; Bell
House of Bohun;
House of Lacy; Lacy-Hulbert
House of Mortimer; Mortimer Byrd
House of Montgommery; House of Montgomery
House of Saint-Clair; Sinclair

2008-06-14T18:52:00.001-07:00

Norse-Gaels

The Norse-Gaels were a people who dominated much of the Irish Sea region and western Scotland for a large part of the Middle Ages, whose aristocracy were mainly of Scandinavian origin, but as a whole exhibited a great deal of Gaelic and Norse cultural syncretism. They are generally known by the Gaelic name which they themselves used, of which "Norse-Gaels" is a translation. This term is subject to a large range of variations depending on chronological and geographical differences in the Gaelic language, i.e. Gall Gaidel, Gall Gaidhel, Gall Gaidheal, Gall Gaedil, Gall Gaedhil, Gall Gaedhel, Gall Goidel, etc, etc. The terminology was used both by native Irish and native Scots who wished to alienate them, and by the Norse-Gaels themselves who wished to stress their Scandinavian heritage and their links with Norway and other parts of the Scandinavian world. The nativised presence of Norsemen in Ireland also lent at least one self-reference, that of Ostmen. Other modern translations used include Scoto-Norse, Hiberno-Norse and Foreign Gaels.

The Norse-Gaels originated in Viking colonies of Ireland and Scotland who became subject to the process of Gaelicization, whereby starting as early as the ninth century, most intermarried with native Gaels (except for the Norse who settled in northwest England) and adopted the Gaelic language as well as many other Gaelic customs, such as dress. Many left their original worship of Norse gods and converted to Christianity, and this contributed to the Gaelicization. Gaelicized Scandinavians dominated the Irish Sea region until the Norman era of the twelfth century, founding long-lasting kingdoms, such as the Kingdoms of Man, Argyll, Dublin, York and Galloway. The Lords of the Isles, a Lordship which lasted until the sixteenth century, as well as many other Gaelic rulers of Scotland and Ireland, traced their descent from Norse-Gaels. The Norse-Gaels settlement in England was concentrated in the North West.

Iceland and the Faroes

It is recorded in the Landnamabok that there were papar or culdees in Iceland before the Norse, and this appears to tie in with comments of Dicuil. However, whether or not this is true, the settlement of Iceland and the Faroe islands by the Norse would have included many Norse-Gaels, as well as slaves, servants and wives. They were called "Vestmen", and the name is retained in Vestmanna in the Faroes, and the Vestmannaeyjar off the Icelandic mainland, where it is said that Irish slaves escaped to. ("Vestman" may have referred to the lands and islands "west" of mainland Scandinavia.)

A number of Icelandic personal names are of Gaelic origin, e.g. Njáll Þorgeirsson of Njáls saga had a forename of Gaelic origin - Niall. Patreksfjörður, an Icelandic village also contains the name "Padraig".

According to some circumstantial evidence, Grímur Kamban, seen as the founder of the Norse Faroes, may have been a Norse Gael.

"According to the Faereyinga Saga... the first settler in the Faroe Islands was a man named Grímur Kamban - Hann bygdi fyrstr Færeyar, it may have been the land taking of Grímur and his followers that cauysed the anchorites to leave... the nickname Kamban is probably Gaelic and one interpretation is that the word refers to some physical handicap, another that it may point to his prowess as a sportsman. Probably he came as a young man to the Faroe Islands by way of Viking Ireland, and local tradition has it that he settled at Funningur in Eysturoy."

Genetics

The Vikings’ prolific expansion is still exhibited in modern genetics. Relatively high frequencies of Haplogroup R1a1 are found in Northern Europe, the largest being 23% in Iceland, and it is believed to have been spread across Europe by the Indo-Europeans and later migrations of Vikings, which accounts for the existence of it in, among other places, the British Isles.

The Duchy of Normandy stems from various Danish, Hiberno-Norse, Orkney Viking and Anglo-Danish (from the Danelaw) invasions of France in the 8th century. A fief, probably as a county, was created by the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte in 911 out of concessions made by King Charles, and granted to Rollo, leader of the Vikings known as Northmen (or in Latin Normanni).

Originally encompassing the province of Neustria and a portion of Breton territory on the Northern Coast and interior of France, it is now divided between territory in mainland France and the Channel Islands, which are Crown dependencies of the British Monarchy. The British sovereign is still known informally as the Duke of Normandy in the Channel Islands.

See Normandy for this region in modern France and more of the geography and culture of the region.

When the Norse-speaking settlers spread out over the lands of the Duchy, they adopted the Gallo-Romance speech of the existing populations — much as Norman rulers later adopted in England the speech of the administered people. In Normandy, the new Norman language formed by the interaction of peoples inherited vocabulary from Norse. In England the Norman language developed into the Anglo-Norman language. The literature of the Duchy and England during the period of the Anglo-Norman realm is known as Anglo-Norman literature.

Duke of Normandy

Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom is the current Duke of Normandy.

Anglo-Norman families - Y-DNA: R1b1b2: M173+ M207+ M269+ M343+ P25+

2008-06-14T18:17:00.001-07:00

Anglo-Norman families - Y-DNA: R1b1b2: M173+ M207+ M269+ M343+ P25+

Y-DNA: R1b1b2: 13-24-14-11-11-14-12-12-12-13-13-29

THE WESTERN ATLANTIC MODAL HAPLOTYPE WAMH

House of Livet (Levett);
House of Malet;
House of Clare;
House of Saint-Clair;
House of Aubigny (or of Albini); Bourgeois,
Bourgondiën, Bourgeois
House of Bellême; Bell
House of Bohun;
House of Lacy; Lacy-Hulbert
House of Mortimer; Mortimer Byrd
House of Montgommery; House of Montgomery
House of Saint-Clair; Sinclair

The Saint-Amand Connection Lines

Village of Livet in Normandy

The Kew Palace of Queen Carlota

The building now known as Kew Palace was originally a palace of

moderate proportions, as opposed to the old palace, known as Dutch

House. This was taken through a long lease, by George III to the

heirs of Sir Richard Levett, a powerful merchant and former Lord

Mayor of London, which had purchased the grandson of the original

owner, a Dutch merchant who had built the house in 1663.

Originally from Sussex, the family Levett (whose name comes from the

village of Livet, in Normandy) kept possession of the house, as well

as the land in the complex from Kew, until 1781, when the Dutch

House was purchased by King George III to the family Levett.

However, the house was occupied by members of the Royal Family since

1734, when the leased to the heirs of Levett. A map of 1771 defines

the land between the Dutch House and the river as belonging to

Barrister Levett Blackbourne, grandson of Sir Richard Levett. In

fact, a musical portrait of Frederick, Prince of Wales (son of

George II) playing cello, and their sisters, part of the collection

of the National Portrait Gallery in London, painted in oil on canvas

by Philip Mercier and dated 1733, uses the house as his background

in plein-air. In 1735, the architect William Kent produced a

grandiose plan for an extensive palace Palladiano in Kew, much in

the style of Stowe House, but this was never implemented.

Lucy Malet. She was the wife of Ivo de Tailbois. In a charter of her

husband, dated 1085, she gave the church of Spalding to the Priory

of St. Nicholas of Angers. Ivo de Tailbois, obit. 1114, was buried

in the Priory Church of Spalding. [Memoires Illustrative of the

County and City of Lincoln, Arch. Inst. GB&I, 1848.] 'A strong

confirmationof of the consanguinity of Lucy to the house of Malet is

the circumatances that the manor of Aulkborough, co. Lincoln,

belonging to Ivo de Tailbois at the Domesday survey, had previously

belonged to William Malet; and the severance of it from the barony

of his son can only be explained by a gift in frank-marriage by the

father in his lifetime.' [J. Gough Nichols, The Topographer and

Genealogist, p. 15, 1846.] Lucy Malet and Ivo de Tailbois had issue:

Beatrix de Tailbois, who married Ribald of Middleham, brother of

Alan, Earl of Richmond. Matilda de Tailbois, wife of Hugh

Fitz-Ranulph, brother of Ranulph, Earl of Chester. Lucy de Tailbois,

Countess of Chester, who m. [1] Roger de Romara, [2] the

aforementioned Ranulph, Earl of Chester. Issue by Roger de Romara:

William, Earl of Lincoln. Issue by Ranulph, Earl of Chester: Ranulph

de Gernons, Earl of Chester, who in 1152, as shown above, obtained

the inheritance of two 'uncles of his mother', namely Robert Malet

and Alan de Lincoln. He was poisoned to death in the following year

by William Peverell III., who had designs on the Earl's wife! The

result was a forfeitsure of the Peverell estates to the Crown.

William, Earl of Cambridge. Alice, wife of Richard Fitz-Gilbert,

descendant of the aforementioned Gilbert de Brionne, ancestor of the

Clares, Earls of Gloucester and Hertford. Agnes, the wife of Robert

de Grentemesnil.

MALET LINEAGE

WILLIAM, LORD MALET

m. HESILIA CRISPIN

1. Robert
2. Gilbert
3. Beatrice

WILLIAM, LORD MALET, a Norman Baron, one of the generals and

companions of William the Conqueror, said to have been the brother

of King Harold's wife, and to have been entrusted with the guard of

Harold's body after he had been slain on the battlefield. After the

conquest he was made governor of York Castle and was slain in its

defense about 1071.

GILBERT MALET

m. ______

1. Robert

ROBERT MALET

m. ______

1. William

ROBERT MALET who before 1130 acquired the barony of Curry Mater in

co. Somerset died before 1155.

WILLIAM MALET

m. ______

1. Gilbert

WILLIAM MALET, baron of Curry Malet, who had other estates as well

in Sussex, Surrey, Kent and Suffolk was steward to King Henry II

died in 1169/70.

GILBERT MALET

m. ALICE PICOT (daughter of Ralph Picot)

1. William

GILBERT MALET was also steward to King Henry II and baron of Curry

Malet.

WILLIAM MALET, the Surety

m. MABEL BASSET (daughter of Thomas Basset of Headington)

1. Hugh
2. William
3. Mabel
4. Hawise
5. Bertha

WILLIAM MALET, the Surety, who was mentioned in 1194 as a minor, in

connection with an expedition made that year into Normandy had his

principal estate of Curry-Malet. From 1210 to 1214 he was sheriff of

the counties of Somerset and Dorset. When he joined the Barons

against King John and became one of the Sureties his lands in four

counties were confiscated and given to his son in law Hugh de

Vivonia, and to his father in law Thomas Basset, and Malet was

excommunicated by the Pope in 1216. He was also fined two thousand

marks, but this remained unpaid until after his death, and, at that

time one thousand marks were remitted, being found due to him for

military service to King John in Poitou. It is of interest to note

that there were five contemporary relatives named William Malet and

they all held lands in England or in Jersey. He died about 1217.

HAWISE MALET

Richard fitz Gilbert was the Chief Justice of England and the

founder of the House of Clare in England. He was the eldest son of

Gislebert (Gilbert), Count of Eu and Brionne, a descendant of

Emperor Charlemagne. Richard fitz Gilbert accompanied his

half-brother Duke William II of Normandy into England during the

Norman Invasion. At the time of the "Domesday Book" survey, he was

called Richard de Tonebruge. He had thirty-eight lordships in

Surrey, thirty-five in Essex, three in Cambridgeshire, with some

others in Wilts and Devon, and ninety-five in Suffolk, among those

was Clare, which became the chief seat of the family, whence he was

known as Richard de Clare and his descendants assumed the title of

Earls of Clare1.

Richard married Rohese Giffard of Bolebec, daughter of Walter

Giffard de Bolebec, Earl of Buckingham, granddaughter of Osborne de

Bolebec, Lord of Bolebec, and granddaughter of his wife, Aveline [or

Wevie], sister of Gunnora, Duchess of Normandy1. Gunnora was the

second wife of Richard I "The Fearless" Duke of Normandy, and was

great-grandmother of William the Conquorer. Gunnora had two sisters,

Aveline and Wevie, one of whom (authorities disagree as to which

one) married Osborn Giffard2.

Richard fitz Gilbert's mother, Herleve, daughter of Fulbert the

tanner, came from Falaise and rose to a prominent status in French

nobility despite her ordinary upbringing. At the age of 16 she met

Gilbert, Count of Brionne, who fathered Richard fitz Gilbert with

her. A year or so later, she gave birth to William the Conqueror,

who was fathered by Robert "The Devil" Duke of Normandy. Shortly

before Duke Robert's death in 1035, she was persuaded by him to

marry Herluin, Viscount of Conteville. By him she bore two sons,

Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and Robert, Count of Mortain. Both men, along

with Richard fitz Gilbert, accompanied William the Conqueror and

played major roles in the conquest of England3.

Richard fitz Gilbert is listed in the "Domesday Book" as "Ricardus

Filius Gisleberti Comitis", and K.S.B. Keats-Rohan in Domesday

People writes he was a "Norman, son of Gilbert count of Brionne, a

kinsman of William the Conqueror, and brother of Baldwin de

Meulles... He married Rohais, daughter of Walter I Giffard, and had

issue by her Roger, Gilbert, Walter, Robert and Richard, a monk of

Bec later abbot of Ely, Rohais, wife of Eudo Dapifer and Adelisa,

wife of Walter Tirel de Poix"4. Baldwin de Meulles is listed in the

"Domesday Book" as "Balsuin Vicecomes," and whose mother was

Constance de Eu.

Rohese Giffard, Richard's wife, is also listed in the "Domesday

Book" as "Rohais Uxor Ricardi Filii Gisleberti," a landholder in her

own right and one of the few wives represented, which probably

reflects the status of Richard de Clare. Rohese Giffard's father

"Walter Giffard" is also listed in the "Domesday Book, as is

Richard's half-brothers; Odo, Bishop of Bayeux as "Odo Episcopus

Baiocensis," Robert, Count of Mortain as "Robert Comes De

Moritonie," and King William I (aka William the Conqueror) as

"Willelm Rex"4.

Richard fitz Gilbert de Clare was Alice de Vere's great grandfather,

and so Roger fitz Richard's and her descendants share Alice's

kinship to the Dukes of Normandy (including William the Conqueror)

and Charlemagne (aka Charles the Great). Noteworthy is Richard fitz

Gilbert's 2nd great-grandson, Richard de Clare, Earl of Hertford,

who was one of the twenty-five Surety Barons for the enforcement of

the Magna Carta of 1215, which obtained concessions from King John

that led to the rule of constitutional law today. The Magna Carta

required the king to renounce certain rights, respect certain legal

procedures, and accept that the will of the king could be bound by

law.

Richard fitz Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Clare

DE CLARE LINEAGE

GISLEBERT CRISPIN, COUNT OF EU AND BIONNE

m. ______

1. Richard FitzGilbert

RICHARD FITZGILBERT

m. ROHESE GIFFARD DE BOLEBEC (daughter of Waiter Giffard de Bolebec)

1. Robert FitzRichard
2. Alice married William de Percie
3. Gilbert de Tonebruge

RICHARD FITZGILBERT, a lawyer and Chief Justice of England, before

1035, was the founder of the House of Clare in England. He

accompanied Duke William into England, and later held one hundred

seventy-six lordships or manors. One of these lordships was that of

Glare, in co. Suffolk which, becoming his chief seat, caused him to

be styled RICHARD DE CLARE and his descendants known as Earls of

Clare. He fell in a skirmish with the Welsh in 1090.

GILBERT DE TONEBRUGE, Earl of Clare

m. ADELIZA DE CLERMONT (daughter of Hugh, Count of Clermont and

Marguerita)

1. Adeliza married Alberic de Vere (SEE DE VERE LINEAGE)
2. Richard FitzGilbert de Glare

GILBERT DE TONEBRUGE was born before 1066, he appears to have joined

in the rebellion against King William Rufus, and lost his castle of

Tonebrudge and, dying shortly afterwards, in 1114 or 1117, a

munificient benefactor of the church, he was survived by his widow.

RICHARD FITZGILBERT DE CLARE

m. ADELIZA DE MESGHINES (daughter of Ranulph de Meschines, Earl of

Chester)

1. Gilbert
2. Roger

RICHARD FITZGILBERT DE CLARE was born before 1105. He invaded Wales

with an army and became lord of vast possessions there by power of

his sword , but finally was slain in a skirmish with a few Welsh

yoemen, near Abergavenny on April 15, 1136.

ROGER DE CLARE

m. MAUD DE ST. HILLARY (daughter of James de St. Hillary)

1. Richard

ROGER DE CLARE was born before 1116. In 1164, he assisted with the

Constitutions of Clarendon. This Earl who, from his munificence to

the Church and his numerous acts of piety, was called the "good Earl

of Hereford", died in 1173.

RICHARD DE CLARE (the Surety)

Richard Earle of Pembroch, surnamed Strongbowe, of the house of

Clare

House of Aubigny Scotland

Birth of William d'Aubigny, 4th Earl of Arundel, son of William

d'Aubigny, 3rd Earl of Arundel and Mabel of Chester

Anglo-Norman House of Glanville

William de Albini

Counts and dukes of Alençon - House of Bellême

House of Bellême

* William I Talvas
* Roger of Montgomery, count of Alençon (died 1094)
* William Talvas, lord of Bellême (until 1113), Count of

Ponthieu, Sées, and Alençon (died 1171)
* John I, count of Alençon
* John II, count of Alençon (died 1191)
* Robert I, count of Alençon (died c. 1217)
Yves I (Ivo) de

Bellême

Lord of Bellême, living 1005.

Yves was the first known lord of Bellême, south of Normandy, a

powerful lordship during the late tenth and eleventh centuries which

eventually passed to heiresses in the late eleventh century. He was

succeeded at some time after 1005 by his son Guillaume, and his son

Yves II also became lord of Bellême (in succession to Guillaume's

son Robert). As discussed below in the Commentary section, the

origin of this family is a difficult problem which has not yet been

definitively settled.

Gervase of the house of Belleme

THE HOUSE OF BOHUN THE BOONE FAMILY

Geoffrey Bohun/Petrolina de Arderne Resided in Penmynydd, Anglesey,

Wales.

John Bohun/Avelina de Ros Reported to be step-siblings. Secondary

sources, however, indicate that their mother was Anne Halsham,

making them half- siblings. Whatever the case, it is clear that they

were married to one another. John, as a younger son, had no

inherited title and moved to Wales.

Sir John de Bohun/Anne Halsham Resided in Rockingham Castle,

Northants, England. He was never called to Parliament in recognition

of his Barony.

Sir John de Bohun/Cicely Filliol Baron by writ of lands in England

and Ireland. He was in the retinue of the Earl of Arundel during the

French Wars. He was a member of Parliament as Baron of Midhurst.

James de Bohn/Joan de Braose Resided in Ballymadden. He held lands

in Ireland and England by inheritance from his mother and father.

She was the daughter of William, Lord of Bramber and Gower, Wales.

(see her lineage below)

John de Bohun/Joan de la Chapplle He was the Sealer of Writs for

King Edward I. She was the daughter of William de la Chapplle,

Sergeant of the King's Chapel.

Franco de Bohun/Sibyl de Ferrers She was the daughter of William de

Ferrers, Earl of Derby. He was "Lord of Midhurst, Ford," and the

Sealer of Writs to King Henry III. (see her lineage below)

Ralph de Bohun/Saveric Fitz Geoffrey She was the Countess of

Ballymadden. He was the Earl of Midhurst, Ford, Rustington, and

Sussex. He was accompanied by his brother-in-law, William Fitz

Geoffrey on a pilgrimage to St. James, Campostella, Spain, and spent

several years there; notice the name of his son, Franco.

HOUSE OF BOHUN BRAOSE/MARSHALL CONNECTION

(Note: This section establishes a Lavergne connection to William

Marshall, a signer and co-author of the Magna Carta.)

James de Bohun/Joan de Braose Resided in Ballymadden. He held lands

in Ireland and England by inheritance from his mother and father.

(see his lineage above)

William de Brasoe He was Lord of Bramber and Gower.

Piers de Braose

William de Braose/Eva Marshall He was the Sixth Baron of Brecknock,

Lord of Avergavenny.

Sir William Marshall/Isabelle de Clare He was the Third Earl of

Pembroke, Marshall of England, Protector of the Realm. Named in the

Magna Carta as Regent of the Kingdom, he served from 1216-1219.

John Marshall/Sibyl, sister of Patrick, Earl of Salsbury

THE HOUSE OF BOHUN THE NORMAN INVASION CONNECTION

(Note: This is to establish a connection of the Lavergne Family to

the Norman Invasion.)

Ralph de Bohun/Saveric Fitz Geoffrey | sisters (The end of a direct

lineage.) | Henry de Bohun/Maud Fitz Geoffrey What follows is no

longer a direct lineage, however, it is within the House of Bohun

and is of vast historical significance. She was the Countess of

Essex. He was the First Earl of Hereford, Sheriff of Kent, and

hereditary Constable of England. He was also the Magna Carta Surety

in 1215. He was born in 1176 and died on 1 June 1220 while on a

pilgrimage to the Holy Land. She died on 27 August 1236.

Humphrey IV de Bohun/Margaret ---- In 1146, this Humphrey assumed

the title of Earl of Hereford at the death of his grandfather, Milo

of Glouchester. However, he died before his father, hence, his title

was never confirmed. She was the daughter of Henry, Earl of

Huntington, the son of David King of Scotland and Maud de Walthe, a

grandniece of William the Conqueror.

Humphrey III de Bohun/Margaret ---- Residents of Lanthony,

Glouchester. Her father had daughters only and following his death,

the title and estates descended to the House of Bohun.

Humphrey II (The Great) de Bohun/Maude de Salsbury He founded the

priory of Farleigh and served as Steward to King Henry I. He was

also called "Humphrey the Great." Her father was Edward d'Evereau,

Lord of Salsbury.

Humphrey I de Bohun/Ealgith, sister of Ranulf of Bayeaux He

accompanied William the Conqueror's forces during the Normandy

Invasion of the British Isles in 1066. After the epic Battle of

Hastings he was rewarded with the title of Lord of Waterford

(Ireland).

BOHUN, the name of a family which plays an important part in English

history during the r3th and 4th centuries; it was taken from a

village situated in the Cotentin between Coutances and the estuary

of the Vire. The Bohuns came into England at, or shortly after, the

Norman Conquest; but their early history there is obscure. The

founder of their greatness was Humphrey III., who in the latter

years of Henry I., makes his appearance as a dapifer, or steward, in

the royal household. He married the daughter of Milo of Gloucester,

and played an ambiguous part in Stephen's reign, siding at first

with the king and afterwards with the empress. Humphrey III. lived

until 1187, but his history is uneventful. He remained loyal to

Henry II. through all changes, and fought in 1173 at Farnham against

the rebels of East Anglia. Outliving his eldest son, Humphrey IV.,

he was succeeded in the family estates by his grandson Henry. Henry

was connected with the royal house of Scotland through his mother

Margaret, a sister of William the Lion; an alliance which no doubt

assisted him to obtain the earldom of Hereford from John (1199). The

lands of the family lay chiefly on the Welsh Marches, and from this

date the Bohuns take a foremost place among the Marcher barons.

Henry de Bohun figures with the earls of Clare and Gloucester among

the twenty-five barons who were elected by their fellows to enforce

the terms of the Great Charter. In the subsequent civil war he

fought on the side of Louis, and was captured at the battle of

Lincoln (1217). He took the cross in the same year and died on his

pilgrimage (June 1, 1220). Humphrey V., his son and heir, returned

to the path of loyalty, and was permitted, some time before 1239, to

inherit the earldom of Essex from his maternal uncle, William de

Mandeville. But in 1258 this Humphrey fell away, like his father,

from the royal to the baronial cause. He served as a nominee of the

opposition on the committee of twenty-four which was appointed, in

the Oxford parliament of that year, to reform the administration. It

was only the alliance of Montfort with Llewelyn of North Wales that

brought the earl of Hereford back to his allegiance. Humphrey V.

headed the first secession of the Welsh Marchers from the party of

the opposition (1263), and was amongst the captives whom the

Montfortians took at Lewes. The earl's son and namesake was on the

victorious side, and shared in the defeat of Evesham, which he did

not long survive. Humphrey V. was, therefore, naturally selected as

one of the twelve arbitrators to draw up the ban of Kenilworth

(1266), by which the disinherited rebels were allowed to make their

peace. Dying in 1275, he was succeeded by his grandson Humphrey VII.

This Bohun lives in history as one of the recalcitrant barons of the

year 1297, who extorted from Edward I. the Confirmatio Cartarum.

The motives of the earl's defiance were not altogether

disinterested. He had suffered twice from the chicanery of Edward's

lawyers; in 1284 when a dispute between himself and the royal

favourite, John Giffard, was decided in the latter's favour; and

again in 1292 when he was punished with temporary imprisonment and

sequestration for a technical, and apparently unwitting, contempt of

the king's court. In company, therefore, with the earl of Norfolk he

refused to render foreign service in Gascony, on the plea that they

were only bound to serve with the king, who was himself bound for

Flanders. Their attitude brought to a head the general discontent

which Edward had excited by his arbitrary taxation; and Edward was

obliged to make a surrender on all the subjects of complaint. At

Falkirk (1298) Humphrey VII. redeemed his character for loyalty. His

son, Humphrey VIII., who succeeded him in the same year, was allowed

to marry one of the king's daughters, Eleanor, the widowed countess

of Holland (1302). This close connexion with the royal house did not

prevent him, as it did not prevent Earl Thomas of Lancaster, from

joining the opposition to the feeble Edward II. In 1310 Humphrey

VIII. figured among the Lords Ordainers; though, with more

patriotism than some of his fellow-commissioners, he afterwards

followed the king to Bannockburn. He was taken captive in the

battle, but exchanged for the wife of Robert Bruce. Subsequently he

returned to the cause of his order, and fell on the side of Earl

Thomas at the field of Boroughbridge (1322). With him, as with his

father, the politics of the Marches had been the main consideration;

his final change of side was due to jealousy of the younger

Despenser, whose lordship of Glamorgan was too great for the comfort

of the Bohuns in Brecon. With the death of Humphrey VIII. the

fortunes of the family enter on a more peaceful stage. Earl John (d.

1335) was inconspicuous; Humphrey IX. (d. 1361) merely distinguished

himself as a captain in the Breton campaigns of the Hundred Years'

War, winning the victories of Morlaix (1342) and La Roche Derrien

(1347). His nephew and heir, Humphrey X., who inherited the earldom

of Northampton from his father, was territorially the most important

representative of the Bohuns. But the male line was extinguished by

his death (1373). The three earldoms and the broad lands of the

Bohuns were divided between two co-heiresses. Both married members

of the royal house. The elder, Eleanor, was given in 1374 to Thomas

of Woodstock, seventh son of Edward III.; the younger, Mary, to

Henry, earl of Derby, son of John of Gaunt and afterwards Henry IV.,

in 1380 or 1381. From these two marriages sprang the houses of

Lancaster and Stafford.

Roger Mortimer

The Mortimers were descended from Roger de Mortemer of

Mortemer-sur-Eaulane in Normandy, a supporter of William the

Conqueror. Their main castle was at Wigmore, eight miles west of

Ludlow. They had lands mainly in Herefordshire and Shropshire,

including Cleobury (Mortimer) on the edge of the hunting forest of

Wyre. By marriage to Joanna de Geneville, a later Roger Mortimer

(1287-1330) secured possession of Ludlow Castle. This became the

family's principal power base for the next six generations.

Roger Mortimer & Queen Isabella

Roger Mortimer was a very powerful and ambitious Marcher Lord. He

was the first of several members of his family to attempt to seize

the throne of England. He fought the Scottish Wars and made attempts

to remove the King's favorites, at first with some success. In 1323

he was imprisoned in the Tower of London, but escaped to France, an

event he later commemorated by building St Peter's chapel in the

outer bailey of Ludlow Castle.

In France, Mortimer formed an alliance with Queen Isabella, who had

deserted her effeminate husband, King Edward II of England. They

raised an army, invaded England and forced Edward to abdicate in

favor of his youngest son, the future Edward III. Mortimer

entertained Isabella at his castles on the Welsh borders and they

became famous lovers. Meanwhile, Edward II was cruelly murdered at

Berkeley Castle in 1327.

Following Edward's death, Mortimer, acting as regent, was the

virtual ruler of England, but he over-reached himself and aroused

the anger of other barons. In October 1330 he was arrested at

Nottingham and sentenced to death. He was executed at Tyburn in

London.

Later, the ambitions of the Mortimers became part of the great

dynastic struggles of the mid-15th century which became known as the

"War of the Roses."

In his 1834 book on the Earls of Arundel, M. A. Tierney (Chaplain to

the Duke of Norfolk) maintains that the first incarnation of the

Earldom was with the House of Montgomery. Roger of Montgomery, 1st

Earl of Shrewsbury was one of William the Conqueror's top generals,

and William bestowed on him, amongst several hundred other manors,

the property at Arundel, with the charge to fortify it with a

castle. Montgomery is believed to have built the motte that survives

to this day, and is thought to have built a wooden keep on it,

overlooking the river Arun. Montgomery and two of his sons are

counted by many as being the first incarnation of the Earldom, but

are often not counted amongst the Earls.

Montgomerie

Allegedly descended from the house of Montgomery in Normandy through

a companion of the Conqueror, the Scottish house of Montgomerie is

traced to Robert of Montgomerie, who obtained Eaglesham from Walter

the First Stewart of Scotland, and died in 1177. Alexander

Montgomerie of Eaglesham, son-in-law of the first earl of Douglas,

died in 1380 and was succeeded by Sir John Montgomerie, who married

the heiress of Lord Eglinton, died in 1398. All descendants of his

eldest son John Montgomerie of Ardrossan († 1428) share a quarter of

France in their arms. This includes the main line from the second

John's eldest son Alexander, created baron of Montgomerie ca. 1445

(† 1470), from whom are descended the earls of Eglinton and the

(extinct) earls of Mount-Alexander, as well as the Montgomeries of

Skermorlie. A grandson of Alexander, Robert, went to France in the

early 16th c., and became seigneur des Lorges. His arms were

quarterly, gules three escallop-shells or, and Azure three

fleurs-de-lis or. His son Jacques bought the original land of

Montgomery in Normandy in 1543, and eventually became captain of the

King's elite Scottish Guards; Jacques' son Gabriel accidently killed

the king of France Henri II in a tournament in 1559 and was executed

in 1574 on officially unrelated charges of treason (he had converted

to Protestantism and taken up arms against the king); his descent

died in 1721.

The present earls of Eglinton bear a quarterly of Montgomery and

Seton, with Montgomery itself being quarterly Montgomery (azure

three fleurs-de-lis or) and Eglinton (gules three annulets or stoned

azure) within a bordure or charged with a Royal Tressure of Scotland

(double tressure flory-counterflory gules). The Montgomeries of

Eglinton had born this quartered coat since Alexander, first baron

of Montgomerie, on a seal dated 1457. Only two earlier seals are

known. The oldest, from around 1170, belonged to John of Montgomery

of Eglesham, and it shows a fleur-de-lis flory, but not within a

shield. Sir John Montgomerie, his descendant, who married the

heiress of Lord Eglinton, bore on his seal of 1392 an annulet stoned

between three fleurs-de-lis, no doubt a form of marshalling (both

seals are in Macdonald, the second one is also in the Catalogue of

Seals in the British Museum). It appears, then, that the arms of

Montgomery probably precede the adoption of the three fleurs-de-lis

by France ca. 1376 (which hitherto bore a semy).

The Scottish Order of the Knights Templar was one of Royal

appointment, an Honour presented by the Royal Court. Only limited

families were accepted into the Order and at the head of the

organization were the heads of three families, seen to be of senior

representation of the original Scottish Knights. These three

families were: the House of Stewart; The House of Sinclair; and The

House of Seton; the which families were also recognized as

representatives of the Carolingian bloodline.

In later years, the Scottish Knights Templar formed a Regiment for

foreign service, into what became known as the Scots Guard, or "le

Garde Ecossais en France". One of the families which were prominent

in this Scots Guard, were the Seton family. The Scots Guard were

the Guard of the French kings and fought with honour for that

country in the wars across Europe and against England. “It

contained within its ranks the great names of Scotland, such as the

Setons, the Montgomeries, the Hays, the Hamiltons, the Sinclairs,

the Douglases, and the Stuarts and was subsequently a supporter of

the Stuart cause."

the Viking Sinclairs, a Sinclair (the Anglicized form of "St.
Clair") settlement...and hub of Scottish Freemasonry. Henry

Sinclair, joined Godfrey de Bouillon on the first Crusade.

Rollo/Sinclair line. the royal Sinclairs and the
elite Bouillon family were formed at the invasion of England (i.e.
Battle of Hastings). But by that time, Guiscard was already in
Italy, and had already formed ties with the Vatican on that front.
Always keep in mind that these momentary lights were not the heroes
that they considered themselves, but beasts fit only to be captured
and punished. the Sinclair/Norman king of England, Henry I, who,

because he had married yet another daughter of queen Margaret, thus

had a possible motive for not seeing Eustace III (who also married a

daughter of Margaret) on the Jerusalem throne. Rollo/Sinclair blood,

the Norman Sinclairs, The Scottish house of Sinclair, although not

achieving royal status,
went on to great wealth and power, even organizing the infamous
Freemason brotherhood out of stone masons (Freemasonry was the
formation of smokescreen churches i.e. "lodges" which allowed
memberships of non stone workers for use in power-politics and
social engineering). Prior to the Freemason period, the Templars had
been stone workers in building castles, forts, and cathedrals (the
cathedrals were often esoteric monuments intended more for power-
grabbing than for religious worship).

Barone di Santo Stefano di Camastra 98077

2008-06-14T06:31:00.001-07:00

Giovanni Merlo-Serraino-Azzolina Caggegi-Raciti

Barone di Santo Stefano di Camastra 98077
Barone di Santo Stefano di Mistretta 98077
Barone di Contrada Felicita 98077
Barone di Contrada Puzzarello 98077
Barone di Contrada Sparta 98077
Barone di Contrada Antara 98077

2008-06-03T04:14:00.001-07:00

O+: U5a1a

Ireland 47%
Netherlands 39%
Belgium 38.1%
UK 37%
France 36%
Germany 35%
Denmark 35%
Sweden 32%
Poland 31%
Austria 30%
Finland 27%

A+: R1b1c

Finland 38%
France 37%
Germany 37%
Denmark 37%
Sweden 37%
Netherlands 35%
UK 35%
Belgium 34%
Austria 33%
Poland 32%
Ireland 26%

Rh-positive, Type A+

2008-06-03T01:38:00.001-07:00

R1b1b2: M173+ M207+ M269+ M343+ P25+
13-24-14-11-11-14-12-12-12-13-13-29

Most exact DNA matches - found in Wales, Scotland, France, Iceland, Northern Ireland, Belgium, Netherlands, England (Basque People).

U5a1a: 16157C, 16192T, 16256T, 16270T, 16320T, 16399G

Most exact DNA matches - found in Scotland & Finland (Sami People).

Rh-positive, Type A+

Mostly found in Northern & Central Europe.

Finland - 38%
Denmark - 37%
France - 37%
Germany - 37%
Sweden - 37%

Green eyes are the product of moderate amounts of melanin. Only 1-2% of the world's population has green eyes and it is the least common eye color. Green eyes are most often found among people of Northern and Southern European origin.

Countries with a high percentage of green eyes are Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands.

Only 2% of human population have green eyes. Hungary is the country with the highest percentage of green eyed people, about 20%.

2008-06-01T03:25:00.001-07:00

Fellow ISOGG Members,

I have found a common pattern among eleven
Anglo-Norman houses with - my 12 Marker Y-DNA (Exact
Matches with 1412 people in the FTDNA Database)

Anglo-Norman families with exact matches to R1b1b2:
13-24-14-11- 11-14-12- 12-12-13- 13-29

These are the Anglo-Norman houses with exact matches:

House of Livet (Levett);
House of Malet;
House of Clare;
House of Saint-Clair;
House of Aubigny (or of Albini); Bourgeois,
Bourgondiën, Bourgeois
House of Bellême; Bell
House of Bohun;
House of Lacy; Lacy-Hulbert
House of Mortimer; Mortimer Byrd
House of Montgommery;
House of Saint-Clair; Sinclair

John Raciti

2008-05-31T19:59:00.001-07:00

House of Livet (Levett); Lovatt, Lovat, Lovet, Lovett, Lovit, Lovitt, Levet, Levett, Levitt, Leavett, Leavitt, Livett
House of Malet; Mallet, Mallett, Mallit, Mallitt, Malott, Mallot, Mailly, Maillie, Mailley, Maillies, Maily, Mailie, Mailey, Mailies, Maillet, Mayie, de Mailly, de Maillie, de Mailley, de Maily, de Mailie, de Mayie, la Mailly, la Maillie, la Mailley, la Maily, de Mayie (Bourgogne)
House of Clare; Clair, Clare, Clere, O'Clear, O'Clair
House of Saint-Clair; Sinclair, Saint Clare, Sancto Claro, Singular, Sinclaire, Seincler, Sanclar, Sincklair, Sinclear, Sincler
House of Aubigny (or of Albini); Bourgeois, Bourgondiën, Bourgeois, Bourgogne, Albini include Albini, Albinie, Allbini, Albinni, Albinnie (Bavaria), Bourgeois, Bourgois, Bourgeoys, Bourgeot, Le Bourgeois, de Bourgeois, Bourjois, Bourgès, Bourgeix (Brittany),
House of Bellême; Bell, Bellamy, Belamy, Bellamie, Belamie, Bellamey, Bellame, Bellasme, Bellamly, Belyn, Bellin, Belin, Bellyn, Bealing, Beeling, Belling, Beling, Bellings.
House of Bohun; Bohon, Bohun, Bone, Boon, Boone, Bohan, Bound.
House of Lacy; Lacy-Hulbert, Lacey, Lacie, Lacy, de Lacy, Lasey, Lassey,
House of Mortimer; Mortimer Byrd, Mortimer, Mortimor
House of Montgommery;
House of Saint-Clair; Sinclair, Sinclair, Saint Clare, Sancto Claro, Singular, Sinclaire, Seincler, Sanclar, Sincklair, Sinclear, Sincler

Y-DNA: R1b1b2: 13-24-14-11-11-14-12-12-12-13-13-29

2008-05-31T18:09:00.001-07:00

Anglo-Norman families - Y-DNA: R1b1b2: M173+ M207+ M269+ M343+ P25+

2008-05-31T07:47:00.000-07:00

Anglo-Norman families - Y-DNA: R1b1b2: M173+ M207+ M269+ M343+ P25+

House of Livet (Levett);
House of Malet;
House of Clare;
House of Saint-Clair;

Famous DNA R1b's & U5a's

2008-05-31T00:56:00.001-07:00

Cheddar Man (Cheddar, England)
U5a
16192T, 16270T

Colla Uais - Father of the Clans
A High King of Ireland
R1b

Niall - Niall of the Nine Hostages
A High King of Ireland
R1b

2008-05-30T17:00:00.001-07:00

Anglo-Norman dna

The Anglo-Normans were mainly the descendants of the Normans who ruled England following the conquest by William of Normandy in 1066, although some Normans were already in England before the conquest. Following the Battle of Hastings, the invading Normans and their descendants formed a distinct population in England. They later spoke what became the Anglo-Norman language.

Anglo-Norman R1b1b2 THE WESTERN ATLANTIC MODAL HAPLOTYPE WAMH

Veniti tribe dna
the Curiovolitae tribe dna
the Asismii tribe dna

R1b1b2 M173+ M207+ M269+ M343+ P25+

13-24-14-11-11-14-12-12-12-13-13-29

mtDNA: U5a1a:

16157C, 16192T, 16256T, 16270T, 16320T, 16399G
16157C 16192T 16256T 16270T 16320T 16399G
"16157C 16192T 16256T 16270T 16320T 16399G"
16157C/16192T/16256T/16270T/16320T/16399G

Anglo-Norman R1b1b2 THE WESTERN ATLANTIC MODAL HAPLOTYPE WAMH

2008-05-30T01:58:00.001-07:00

Anglo-Norman R1b1b2 THE WESTERN ATLANTIC MODAL HAPLOTYPE WAMH

Veniti tribe dna
the Curiovolitae tribe dna
the Asismii tribe dna

R1b1b2 M173+ M207+ M269+ M343+ P25+

13-24-14-11-11-14-12-12-12-13-13-29

The Bretons & Brittany: Origins

2008-05-30T01:38:00.000-07:00

France: The Bretons

The Bretons were originally from the ancient province of Brittany, which lies in the northwestern peninsula of France. Formerly known as Armorica, a possession of the Roman Empire, this land consists of a plateau with a deeply indented coastline, and is broken by hills in the west. However, the region was renamed Britannia Minor by the Romans, following the emigration of six thousand Britons across the English Channel, an event which took place at the behest of the Roman commander in Britain.

Originally of Celtic stock, the Bretons were mainly composed of three tribes from Cornwall and south Wales who were known as the Veniti, the Curiovolitae, and the Asismii. Their leader, Prince Cowan of Powys was married to the sister of St. Patrick and was considered to have been the most ancient Christian king in Europe. Following the fall of the Roman Empire, and subsequent invasion of Britain by the Angles and the Saxons during the 5th and 6th centuries, many more Britons fled their ancient home. Many settled in the continental region of Brittany, where the race that came to be known as the Bretons flourished.

The Celtic traditions of the Bretons, particularly the Brythonic language, which is still spoken in the west of Brittany, sharply contrasted them with the many other diverse peoples who helped to found modern France. This is particularly true of their neighbors in the adjacent region of Normandy, who were the descendants of Viking raiders. Nevertheless, the Bretons played a significant role in the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. Led by Earl Alan of Richmond, the Bretons constituted one-third of the Norman forces at the Battle of Hastings.

Many of these Breton knights were granted considerable land-holdings by William the Conqueror in return for their services. The Domesday Book survey of 1086, shows them dispersed widely throughout England, with a significant number settled in the region known as East Anglia. A very large number of Breton surnames ultimately find their origin with these Breton knights. However, it is indisputable that a genuine migration from Brittany to England also took place. Bretons came to hold important positions in the Norman nobility of England, and the dukes of Brittany forged alliances through arranged marriages with the kings of Scotland.

Over the course of the next few centuries, England came into increasing conflict with France, culminating in the outbreak of the Hundred Years War in 1337. Brittany, like many other French regions, changed hands frequently over the course of the century-long conflict. Brittany was united to the French crown through the marriage of Anne of Brittany and King Charles VIII in 1491, and was finally annexed in 1532, although a separatist movement thrives in that area to this day.

Brittany: Origins

Ancient Brittany was inhabited by the Celtic Tribes of Veneti, Curiovolitae, and the Asismii in the 3rd century BC. At this time, Brittany was known as Armorica. It was the Romans that renamed the region Britannia Minor. However, the region's current name can primarily be attributed to the Roman General Maximus, who brought over 6,000 Britons under their leader Prince Conan, son of the King of Wales and Albany as he left Britain in the 4th century. Further immigrants from Wales and Cornwall occupied the region in the 5th and 6th region. From these people came Constantine, King of Brittany, who, it is said, was the grandfather of the celebrated King Arthur of England. The Celtic Breton language is still spoken today in the western reaches of the land.

In the 6th century, Brittany began its many associations with other states and sovereigns as the Dukes of Brittany also became the Counts of Cornwall in the south west of England. In the 9th century, the Dukes of Anjou, neighbors to the south, married the Princesses of Brittany. Then, in the 10th century, the Dukes of Brittany also married into the house of the Dukes of Normandie, and Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany married Hawise, daughter of Richard II, Duke of Normandie, in 1002.

These various associations helped lead to the conflict between the Kings of England and the Kings of France for absolute rule over Brittany. When William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, became King of England in 1066 he claimed Brittany and Normandy as possessions of the English crown. This English possession of continental lands increased when King Henry of England married Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, thereby acquiring most of north and western France. However, in 1365, Brittany renewed relations with France, and was finally annexed by the French Crown in 1532, and reverted to a duchy.

The Pyrenees

2008-05-26T05:32:00.001-07:00

The Pyrenees are the home of a variety of peoples, including the Andorrans, Catalans, Béarnais, and Basques.

R1b1b2/R1b1c, R1b1b2d/R1b1c6, R1b1b2g/R1b1c9, R1b1b2h/R1b1c10

2008-05-26T05:12:00.000-07:00

R1b1b2/R1b1c, R1b1b2d/R1b1c6, R1b1b2g/R1b1c9, R1b1b2h/R1b1c10

Aurignacian culture, Cro-Magnon people, Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain), from Iberia to Scandinavia, Basques, Catalans, other Spanish, Béarnais, other French, British and Germans.Basques (19%), in lower frequencies among French (5%), Bavarians (3%), Spanish (2%), Southern Portuguese (2%), and in single occurrences among Romanians, Slovenians, Dutch, Belgians and English. 5 Basques and 5 Catalans. Asturias, Cantabria and Galicia, as well as again among Basques. Cases in the Azores and Latin America. Frisia (the Netherlands) UK, southern and eastern Sweden, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy. So far, only sporadically [4] it appears in Spain (Spanish ancestry), Poland and Lithuania (Polish or Ashkenazim), Finland (Swedish) and Romania (Romanian). Alpine Germany and Switzerland. Ethnoancestry's commercial and research branches have shown that S28 is found from Greece westward to the Bay of Biscay in France. It appears to follow the distribution of the La Tene Celtic peoples. The percentages here are much less than found in the Alps. It has yet to be found anywhere in Ireland or Spain. Northern Italy seems to be a meeting place for both S21 and S28.

By the 15th century the Anglo-Normans had merged with the Anglo-Saxons to form the English.

2008-05-25T03:25:00.001-07:00

By the 15th century the Anglo-Normans had merged with the Anglo-Saxons to form the English.

Blair: Scottish, McCarthy: Irish, Shelton: English; Anglo-Saxons - In the 5th century, when England had only recently been deserted by the Roman legions, the Anglo-Saxons established the independent kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, Kent, Essex, Sussex and East Anglia, which were collectively known as the Heptarchy., Brown: English, Scottish, Hardin: English, Cline: German, Irish, Jewish, Scottish - Westphalia, which means western plain, is the contemporary Bundesland, or state, of Nordrhein-Westfalen. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, the Saxons inhabited the territories in north central Germany. Westphalia was a part of the old duchy of Saxony, which included most of the land between the Rhine and the Elbe between the 9th and 12th centuries. In the 9th century, the Frankish Emperor Charlemagne incorporated Saxony and the other German duchies into the Carolingian Empire. Charlemagne's conquest brought temporary unity to the duchies, but the collapse of the Carolingian Empire loosened these bonds of common order. Tribal consciousness and local particularism fought all centralizing influences until the late 19th century., Clements: English-Alt, English, French - Welsh Surnames, Mates: French - Champagne is a former province of France, located in the northeast part of the country on the west bank of the River Meuse. Its main city is Troyes, and it is one of France's celebrated wine regions. In ancient times, the area was ruled by the Counts of Champagne., Webb: English - Anglo Norman, Cooley: Irish, Franklin: English, James: English-Alt, English.

Cambro-Norman:

Anglo-Normans also led excursions into Wales from England and built multiple fortifications as it was one of William's ambitions to subdue the Welsh, however he was not entirely successful. Afterwards, however, the border area known as the Marches was set up and English influence increased steadily. Encouraged by the invasion, monks (usually from France or Normandy) such as the Cistercian Order also set up monasteries throughout Wales. By the 1400s a large number of Welsh gentry, including Owain Glyndŵr, had Norman ancestry. The majority of knights which invaded Ireland were also from or based in Wales.

Cambro-Norman is a term used for Norman knights who settled in southern Wales after the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Some historians suggest that the term is to be preferred to Anglo-Norman for the Normans who invaded Ireland after 1170 — many of whom originated in Wales.

The most prominent example is Richard "Strongbow" de Clare, whose lands in Wales centred around Pembroke and who led the Norman invasion of Ireland.

In addition to such Cambro-Norman lords, some of Ireland's most prominent families, including Walsh, Joyce and Griffith, were indigenous Welsh families who came with the Norman invasion. Other indigenous Welsh surnames such as Taaffe which came at this time became very important families within the Pale community.

The Italo-Normans, or Siculo-Normans when referring to Sicily, were the Italian-born descendants of the first Norman conquerors to travel to the Mezzogiorno in the first half of the eleventh century. Normans first arrived in Italy as pilgrims probably either on their way or returning from Jerusalem or visiting the shrine at Monte Gargano in the late tenth and early eleventh century. In 1096, the Normans of Bohemond of Taranto joined the First Crusade. These Italians set up the principality of Antioch in the Levant. The entire Mediterranean world was touched by the unique Italo-Norman civilisation. In 1130, under Roger II, they created a lasting polity like William the Conqueror's in England: the Kingdom of Sicily, encompassing the whole of their conquests in the peninsula and the island.

2008-05-25T00:25:00.000-07:00

2008-05-24T21:59:00.001-07:00

Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms

http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2002_v10_521-529.pdf

Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool

www.stats.gla.ac.uk/~vincent/papers/richards_2000.pdf

Tracing the phylogeography of human populations in Britain based on 4th-11th century mtDNA genotypes.

mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/msj013v1.pdf

mtDNA polymorphisms in five French groups: importance of regional sampling

http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v12/n4/abs/5201145a.html

Mitochondrial DNA haplotyping revealed the presence of mixed up benign and neoplastic tissue sections from two individuals on the same prostatic biopsy slide

http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/58/1/83

Human mitochondrial DNA diversity in an archaeological site in al-Andalus: Genetic impact of migrations from North Africa in medieval Spain

http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112608098/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0

Caucasian haplogroup (R1b)
European haplogroup (U5a1a)

Caggegi-Raciti Azzolina DNA - Randazzo CATANIA, Santo Stefano Di Camastra MESSINA, Sicily, Italy.

2008-05-24T20:13:00.001-07:00

Caggegi-Raciti Azzolina DNA - Randazzo CATANIA, Santo Stefano Di Camastra MESSINA, Sicily, Italy.

Y-DNA: R1b1c*/R1b1b2* - THE WESTERN ATLANTIC MODAL HAPLOTYPE - Match

"13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29"
13-24-14-11-11-14-12-12-12-13-13-29
13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29
13/24/14/11/11/14/12/12/12/13/13/29/

M173+ M207+ M269+ M343+ P25+

The Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype is the most common Y-DNA signature of Europe’s most common Haplogroup, R1b. Simply put your ancestors have experienced a dramatic population explosion over the past 10,000 years, probably since the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM-that’s Anthropology-speak for the last Ice Age) that covered most of Europe beginning 20,000 years ago and lasting for 10,000 long cold winters.

R1b, and its most common Haplotype (yours), exists in high or very high frequencies in all of Western Europe from Spain in the south to the British Isles and western Scandinavia in the north. It appears that approximately 2.5% in Western European males share this most common genetic 12 marker signature and because of its very high frequency we always suggest that for genealogy purposes people in this group should only use our 25 or 37 marker test for their genealogy.

Anthropologists have been describing for many years that only a select % of all the males in past societies did the vast majority of fathering, while other males lost the opportunity to pass on their Y-Chromosomal genes.

On a lighter note it’s clear that R1b’s Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype has contributed much more than its ‘fair share’ in populating Western Europe.

mtDNA: U5a1a:

16157C, 16192T, 16256T, 16270T, 16320T, 16399G
16157C 16192T 16256T 16270T 16320T 16399G
"16157C 16192T 16256T 16270T 16320T 16399G"
16157C/16192T/16256T/16270T/16320T/16399G

U5a1a Specific mitochondrial haplogroups are typically found in different regions of the world, and this is due to unique population histories. In the process of spreading around the world, many populations—with their special mitochondrial haplogroups—became isolated, and specific haplogroups concentrated in geographic regions. Today, we have identified certain haplogroups that originated in Africa, Europe, Asia, the islands of the Pacific, the Americas, and even particular ethnic groups. Of course, haplogroups that are specific to one region are sometimes found in another, but this is due to recent migration.

The mitochondrial super-haplogroup U encompasses haplogroups U1-U7 and haplogroup K. Haplogroup U5, with its own multiple lineages nested within, is the oldest European-specific haplogroup, and its origin dates to approximately 50,000 years ago. Most likely arising in the Near East, and spreading into Europe in a very early expansion, the presence of haplogroup U5 in Europe pre-dates the expansion of agriculture in Europe. Haplogroup U5a1a—a lineage within haplogroup U5—arose in Europe less than 20,000 years ago, and is mainly found in northwest and north-central Europe. The modern distribution of haplogroup U5a1a suggests that individuals bearing this haplogroup were part of the populations that had tracked the retreat of ice sheets from Europe.

Genetic Signatures in Lebanon Traced Back to the Crusades

2008-04-19T17:09:00.000-07:00

Genetic Signatures in Lebanon Traced Back to the Crusades

Posted on: Friday, 28 March 2008, 07:20 CDT
A genetic anthropological study known as The Genographic Project has found what is believed to be faint genetic traces left by medieval crusaders in the Middle East.

The team has uncovered a specific DNA signature in Lebanon that is probably linked to the Christian crusades of the 7th and 8th centuries.

This discovery was noted when researchers found that some Christian men in Lebanon carry a DNA signature originating from Western Europe.

The scientists found that Lebanese Muslim men typically carried a different genetic structure than Christian Lebanese men. This particular structure has been linked to expansions from the Arabian Peninsula which brought Islam to the area.

However, the team emphasized that Christian and Muslim Arabs in Lebanon share a dynamic common heritage and that the differences between the two communities are minor.

Other studies of the genetics of Middle Eastern and North African populations have demonstrated the significant legacy of Muslim Expansion. But evidence of recent European migration to the region is notably unusual.

The Y chromosome (male) was the focus of the study. The package of genetic material carried only by men is passed down from father to son and is left mostly unchanged, much like a surname.

However, over generations, the chromosome accumulates small changes, or copying errors, in its DNA sequence.

Therefore, Y chromosomes are classified into different groups known as haplogroups, which, to some extent, reflect a person’s geographical ancestry.

After analyzing the Y chromosomes of 926 Lebanese Males, the scientists discovered that patterns of male genetic variation in Lebanon were more closely related to religious lines than geographical lines
.

WES1, a genetic signature on the male chromosome, typically found in European populations, was noted among the Lebanese males used in the study.

"It seems to have come in from Europe and is found mostly in the Christian population," said Dr Spencer Wells, director of the Genographic Project.

“Typically we don't see this sort of stratification by religion when we are looking at the relative proportions of these lineages - and particularly immigration events."

Wells told BBC news that in the same data set a similar enrichment of lineages coming in from the Arabian Peninsula in the Muslim population wasn’t seen [as often] in the Christian population.

High frequencies of a Y chromosome grouping known as J1 were found in Lebanese Muslim men—typical of populations originating from the Arabian Peninsula, who were involved in the Muslim expansion.

"The goal of the study was to put some science to the history of this country - which is very rich," said Pierre Zalloua, a co-author on the paper, from the Lebanese American University in Beirut.

"To have these great civilizations - with the Islamic expansion and the migration from Europe - coming to Lebanon, leaving not only their genes but also some of their culture and way of life, it can only make us feel richer,” said Zalloua.

The Genographic Project is a five-year genetic anthropology study that aims to map historical human migration patterns by collecting and analyzing DNA samples from hundreds of thousands of people from around the world.

The company also sells self-testing kits from which a mouth swabbing is obtained, analyzed and the DNA information placed on a web accessible database.

---

On the Net:

The Genographic Project

Lebanese American University

American Journal of Human Genetics

Subject: Genes differ between Christian and Muslim communities in Lebanon

BBC NEWS
Crusaders 'left genetic legacy'
Scientists have detected the faint genetic traces left by medieval
crusaders in the Middle East.

The team says it found a particular DNA signature which recently
appeared in Lebanon and is probably linked to the crusades.

The finding comes from the Genographic Project, a major effort to
track human migrations through DNA.

Details of the research have been published in the American Journal of
Human Genetics.

The researchers found that some Christian men in Lebanon carry a DNA
signature hailing from Western Europe.

The scientists also found that Lebanese Muslim men were more likely
than Christians to carry a particular genetic signature. But this one
is linked to expansions from the Arabian Peninsula which brought Islam
to the area in the 7th and 8th Centuries.

But they emphasise that the differences between the two communities
are minor, and that Christians and Muslim Arabs in Lebanon
overwhelmingly share a common heritage.

Genetic 'surname'

The legacy of the Muslim expansion has been demonstrated in other
studies which looked at the genetics of Middle Eastern and North
African populations. But signs of recent European migration to the
region is more unusual.

The study focused on the Y, or male, chromosome, a package of genetic
material carried only by men that is passed down from father to son
more or less unchanged, just like a surname.

But over many generations, the chromosome accumulates small changes,
or copying errors, in its DNA sequence.

So Y chromosomes can be classified into different groups (called
haplogroups) which, to some extent, reflect a person's geographical
ancestry.

The team analysed the Y chromosomes of 926 Lebanese males and found
that patterns of male genetic variation in Lebanon fell more along
religious lines than along geographical lines.

A genetic signature on the male chromosome called WES1, which is
usually only found in European populations, was found among the
Lebanese men included in the study.

Science and history

"It seems to have come in from Europe and is found mostly in the
Christian population," said Dr Spencer Wells, director of the
Genographic Project.

"This is odd because typically we don't see this sort of
stratification by religion when we are looking at the relative
proportions of these lineages - and particularly immigration events."

He told BBC News: "Looking at the same data set, we saw a similar
enrichment of lineages coming in from the Arabian Peninsula in the
Muslim population which we didn't see [as often] in the Christian
population."

Lebanese Muslim men were found to have high frequencies of a Y
chromosome grouping known as J1. This is typical of populations
originating from the Arabian Peninsula, who were involved in the
Muslim expansion.

"The goal of the study was to put some science to the history of this
country - which is very rich," said Pierre Zalloua, a co-author on the
paper, from the Lebanese American University in Beirut.

He added: "To have these great civilisations - with the Islamic
expansion and the migration from Europe - coming to Lebanon, leaving
not only their genes but also some of their culture and way of life,
it can only make us feel richer."

The Genographic Project was launched by National Geographic in 2005 to
help piece together a picture of how the Earth was colonised.

The consortium has sold 250,000 DNA test kits and regional centres
have taken samples of genetic material from 31,000 indigeous people.

Story from BBC NEWS:
http://news. bbc.co.uk/ go/pr/fr/ -/2/hi/science/ nature/7316281. stm

Published: 2008/03/27 17:36:37 GMT

© BBC MMVIII

Crusaders 'left genetic legacy'

DNA (BBC)Scientists have detected the faint genetic traces left by medieval crusaders in the Middle East.

The team says they found a particular DNA signature which recently appeared in Lebanon and is probably linked to the crusades.

The finding comes from the Genographic Project, a major effort to track human migrations through DNA.

Details of the research have been published in the American Journal of Human Genetics.

The researchers found that some Christian men in Lebanon carry a DNA signature hailing from Western Europe.

The scientists also found that Lebanese Muslim men were more likely than Christians to carry a particular genetic signature. But this one is linked to expansions from the Arabian Peninsula which brought Islam to the area in the 7th and 8th Centuries.

But they emphasise that the differences between the two communities are minor, and that Christians and Muslim Arabs in Lebanon overwhelmingly share a common heritage.

Genetic 'surname'

The legacy of the Muslim expansion has been demonstrated in other studies which looked at the genetics of Middle Eastern and North African populations. But signs of recent European migration to the region is more unusual.

The study focused on the Y, or male, chromosome, a package of genetic material carried only by men that is passed down from father to son more or less unchanged, just like a surname.

But over many generations, the chromosome accumulates small changes, or copying errors, in its DNA sequence.

So Y chromosomes can be classified into different groups (called haplogroups) which, to some extent, reflect a person's geographical ancestry.

The team analysed the Y chromosomes of 926 Lebanese males and found that patterns of male genetic variation in Lebanon fell more along religious lines than along geographical lines.

A genetic signature on the male chromosome called WES1, which is usually only found in European populations, was found among the Lebanese men included in the study.

Science and history

"It seems to have come in from Europe and is found mostly in the Christian population," said Dr Spencer Wells, director of the Genographic Project.

"This is odd because typically we don't see this sort of stratification by religion when we are looking at the relative proportions of these lineages - and particularly immigration events."

He told BBC News: "Looking at the same data set, we saw a similar enrichment of lineages coming in from the Arabian Peninsula in the Muslim population which we didn't see [as often] in the Christian population."

Lebanese Muslim men were found to have high frequencies of a Y chromosome grouping known as J1. This is typical of populations originating from the Arabian Peninsula, who were involved in the Muslim expansion.

"The goal of the study was to put some science to the history of this country - which is very rich," said Pierre Zalloua, a co-author on the paper, from the Lebanese American University in Beirut.

He added: "To have these great civilisations - with the Islamic expansion and the migration from Europe - coming to Lebanon, leaving not only their genes but also some of their culture and way of life, it can only make us feel richer."

The Genographic Project was launched by National Geographic in 2005 to help piece together a picture of how the Earth was colonised.

The consortium has sold 250,000 DNA test kits and regional centres have taken samples of genetic material from 31,000 indigeous people.

Firme genetiche in Libano Traced Torna alla Crociate

Postato il: Venerdì, 28 marzo 2008, 07:20 CDT
Un genetica conosciuta come studio antropologico Il Genographic Project ha trovato ciò che si crede di essere debole genetica tracce lasciate dai crociati medievali in Medio Oriente.

Il team ha scoperto una specifica DNA firma in Libano, che è probabilmente legata alle crociate cristiane del 7 ° e 8 ° secolo.

Questa scoperta è stata notata quando alcuni ricercatori hanno scoperto che gli uomini cristiani in Libano, portano una firma di DNA provenienti da Europa occidentale.

Gli scienziati hanno trovato che gli uomini musulmani libanesi tipicamente condotto una diversa struttura genetica di cristiani libanesi uomini. Questa particolare struttura è stato collegato a espansioni dalla Penisola Arabica, che ha portato l'Islam per la zona.

Tuttavia, il gruppo ha sottolineato che gli arabi cristiani e musulmani in Libano condividere una dinamica patrimonio comune e che le differenze tra le due comunità sono minori.

Altri studi di genetica del Medio Oriente e del Nord Africa popolazioni hanno dimostrato il notevole patrimonio di espansione musulmana. Ma recenti prove di migrazione europea per la regione in particolare è inusuale.

Il cromosoma Y (maschile), è stato al centro dello studio. Il pacchetto di materiale genetico condotte soltanto da uomini è tramandato di padre in figlio, ed è in gran parte invariato a sinistra, un po 'come un cognome.

Tuttavia, nel corso delle generazioni, il cromosoma si accumula piccole modifiche, o la copia di errori, e la sua sequenza di DNA.

Pertanto, cromosomi Y sono classificati in diversi gruppi noti come haplogroups, che, in una certa misura, riflettono una persona geografica antenati.

Dopo aver analizzato i cromosomi Y di 926 libanesi Maschi, gli scienziati hanno scoperto che i modelli di variazione genetica maschile in Libano sono stati più strettamente legato a quello religioso linee geografiche linee
.

WES1, una firma genetica sul cromosoma maschile, tipicamente trovati in popolazioni europee, è stato osservato tra i libanesi maschi usato nello studio.

"Sembra che sia arrivata in Europa e che si trova soprattutto nella popolazione cristiana", ha detto il dottor Spencer Wells, direttore del Genographic Project.

"In genere non si vedono questo tipo di stratificazione dalla religione, quando ci troviamo di fronte la relativa proporzioni di queste linee - e, in particolare, in materia di immigrazione eventi".

Wells ha detto che le notizie di BBC lo stesso set di dati una simile ricchezza di linee provenienti dalla penisola arabica e la popolazione musulmana, non è stato visto [come spesso], e la popolazione cristiana.

Alte frequenze di un cromosoma Y raggruppamento noto come J1 sono stati trovati e uomini musulmani libanesi-tipico delle popolazioni provenienti dalla penisola arabica, che sono stati coinvolti in espansione musulmana.

"L'obiettivo dello studio è stato quello di mettere in qualche scienza per la storia di questo paese - che è molto ricco", ha detto Pierre Zalloua, un co-autore sulla carta, dal libanese American University di Beirut.

"Per fare in modo che queste grandi civiltà - con l'espansione islamica e la migrazione da Europa - venuta in Libano, lasciando non solo dei loro geni, ma anche alcuni di loro cultura e modo di vita, può solo farci sentire più ricchi", ha detto Zalloua.

Il Genographic Project è di cinque anni genetica antropologia studio che mira a mappa storica modelli di migrazione umana mediante la raccolta e l'analisi dei campioni di DNA da centinaia di migliaia di persone da tutto il mondo.

La società vende anche auto-test kit di una bocca da cui si ottiene swabbing, analizzato il DNA e le informazioni immesse in una banca dati accessibile al web.

---

In rete:

Il Genographic Project

Lebanese American University

American Journal of Human Genetics

Oggetto: geni differiscono tra le comunità cristiana e musulmana del Libano

BBC NEWS
Crociati 'eredità genetica di sinistra'
Gli scienziati hanno rilevato i deboli tracce lasciate dalla genetica medievale
Crociati in Medio Oriente.

Il team ha trovato un particolare che di recente firma del DNA
Apparso in Libano ed è probabilmente legata alle crociate.

La constatazione deriva dal Genographic Project, un grande sforzo per
Monitorare le migrazioni attraverso il DNA umano.

I dettagli della ricerca sono stati pubblicati nel Journal of American
Genetica umana.

I ricercatori hanno scoperto che alcuni uomini cristiani in Libano trasportare un DNA
Firma provenienti da Europa occidentale.

Gli scienziati hanno anche scoperto che gli uomini musulmani libanesi sono stati più probabile
Che i cristiani a compiere una particolare firma genetica. Ma questo uno
È legata da espansioni per la penisola arabica, che ha portato l'Islam
Per la zona e il 7 ° e 8 ° secolo.

Ma esse sottolineano che le differenze tra le due comunità
Sono minori, e che gli arabi cristiani e musulmani in Libano
Stragrande condividere un patrimonio comune.

Genetico 'cognome'

L'eredità dei musulmani di espansione è stata dimostrata in altri
Studi che ha studiato la genetica del Medio Oriente e del Nord
Le popolazioni africane. Ma segni di recente europeo per la migrazione
Regione è più insolito.

Lo studio si è concentrato sulla Y, o di sesso maschile, cromosoma, un pacchetto di genetica
Materiale trasportato solo dagli uomini, che si tramanda di padre in figlio
Più o meno invariato, come un cognome.

Ma su molte generazioni, il cromosoma si accumula piccole modifiche,
O la copia di errori, e la sua sequenza di DNA.

Quindi cromosomi Y possono essere classificati in vari gruppi (chiamato
Haplogroups), che, in una certa misura, riflettono una persona geografica
Antenati.

Il team ha analizzato i cromosomi Y di 926 libanesi maschi e trovati
Che i modelli di variazione genetica maschile è sceso in Libano più lungo
Religiosi linee di lungo linee geografiche.

Una firma genetica sul cromosoma maschile WES1 chiamato, che è
Di solito solo nelle popolazioni europee, è stato riscontrato tra gli
Libanesi uomini inclusi nello studio.

Scienza e storia

"Sembra che sia arrivata in Europa e che si trova soprattutto nel
Popolazione cristiana ", ha detto il dottor Spencer Wells, direttore del
Genographic Project.

"Questo è strano perché di solito non si vedono questo tipo di
Stratificazione dalla religione, quando ci troviamo di fronte la relativa
Proporzioni di queste linee - e, in particolare, in materia di immigrazione eventi ".

BBC News ha detto: "Guardando lo stesso set di dati, si è visto un simile
Arricchimento delle linee provenienti dalla penisola arabica e la
Popolazione musulmana, che non abbiamo visto [come spesso], e il cristiano
Popolazione ".

Uomini musulmani libanesi sono stati trovati ad avere alte frequenze di una Y
Cromosoma raggruppamento noto come J1. Questo è tipico delle popolazioni
Originari della penisola arabica, che sono stati coinvolti nella
Musulmano espansione.

"L'obiettivo dello studio è stato quello di mettere in qualche scienza per la storia di questo
Paese - che è molto ricco ", ha detto Pierre Zalloua, un co-autore sul
Carta, dal libanese American University di Beirut.

Egli ha aggiunto: "Per fare in modo che queste grandi civiltà - con gli islamici
L'espansione e la migrazione da Europa - venuta in Libano, lasciando
Non solo dei loro geni, ma anche alcuni di loro cultura e modo di vita,
Esso può solo farci sentire più ricchi ".

Il Genographic Project è stato lanciato da National Geographic nel 2005 a
Aiutare pezzo insieme un quadro di come la Terra è stata colonizzata.

Il consorzio ha venduto 250000 kit per il test del DNA e centri regionali
Hanno preso campioni di materiale genetico da 31000 indigeous persone.

Storia da BBC NEWS:
Http://news. Bbc.co.uk / go / pr / fr / -/2/hi/science / nature/7316281. STM

Pubblicato: 2008/03/27 17:36:37 GMT

© BBC MMVIII

Crociati 'eredità genetica di sinistra'

DNA (BBC) Gli scienziati hanno rilevato i deboli tracce lasciate dalla genetica medievale crociati in Medio Oriente.

Il team afferma di aver trovato un particolare firma del DNA, che di recente è apparso in Libano ed è probabilmente legata alle crociate.

La constatazione deriva dal Genographic Project, un grande sforzo per tenere traccia delle migrazioni attraverso il DNA umano.

I dettagli della ricerca sono stati pubblicati in American Journal of Human Genetics.

I ricercatori hanno scoperto che alcuni cristiani in Libano gli uomini portano una firma di DNA provenienti da Europa occidentale.

Gli scienziati hanno anche scoperto che gli uomini musulmani libanesi sono stati più probabile che i cristiani a compiere una particolare firma genetica. Ma questo è legato a uno espansioni da Penisola Arabica, che ha portato l'Islam per la zona e il 7 ° e 8 ° secolo.

Ma esse sottolineano che le differenze tra le due comunità sono piccole, e che gli arabi cristiani e musulmani in Libano stragrande condividere un patrimonio comune.

Genetico 'cognome'

L'eredità dei musulmani di espansione è stato dimostrato in altri studi che ha studiato la genetica del Medio Oriente e del Nord Africa popolazioni. Ma segni di recente migrazione europea per la regione è più insolito.

Lo studio si è concentrato sulla Y, o di sesso maschile, cromosoma, un pacchetto di materiale genetico condotte soltanto da uomini che si tramanda di padre in figlio, più o meno invariato, come un cognome.

Ma su molte generazioni, il cromosoma si accumula piccole modifiche, o la copia di errori, e la sua sequenza di DNA.

Quindi cromosomi Y possono essere classificati in vari gruppi (chiamato haplogroups), che, in una certa misura, riflettono una persona geografica antenati.

Il team ha analizzato i cromosomi Y di 926 libanesi maschi e scoperto che i modelli di variazione genetica maschile è sceso in Libano più lungo linee religiose più lungo linee geografiche.

Una firma genetica sul cromosoma maschile WES1 chiamato, che è di solito solo in popolazioni europee, è stato riscontrato tra gli uomini libanesi incluso nello studio.

Scienza e storia

"Sembra che sia arrivata in Europa e che si trova soprattutto nella popolazione cristiana", ha detto il dottor Spencer Wells, direttore del Genographic Project.

"Questo è strano perché di solito non si vedono questo tipo di stratificazione dalla religione, quando ci troviamo di fronte la relativa proporzioni di queste linee - e, in particolare, in materia di immigrazione eventi".

BBC News ha detto: "Guardando lo stesso set di dati, si è visto un simile arricchimento delle linee provenienti dalla penisola arabica e la popolazione musulmana, che non abbiamo visto [come spesso], e la popolazione cristiana".

Uomini musulmani libanesi sono stati trovati ad avere alte frequenze di un cromosoma Y raggruppamento noto come J1. Questo è tipico di popolazioni provenienti dalla penisola arabica, che sono stati coinvolti in espansione musulmana.

"L'obiettivo dello studio è stato quello di mettere in qualche scienza per la storia di questo paese - che è molto ricco", ha detto Pierre Zalloua, un co-autore sulla carta, dal libanese American University di Beirut.

Egli ha aggiunto: "Per fare in modo che queste grandi civiltà - con l'espansione islamica e la migrazione da Europa - venuta in Libano, lasciando non solo dei loro geni, ma anche alcuni di loro cultura e modo di vita, può solo farci sentire più ricchi".

Il Genographic Project è stato lanciato da National Geographic nel 2005 per aiutare pezzo insieme un quadro di come la Terra è stata colonizzata.

Il consorzio ha venduto 250000 kit per il test del DNA e centri regionali hanno preso campioni di materiale genetico da 31000 indigeous persone.

Crusaders 'left genetic legacy'

2008-04-19T00:41:00.000-07:00

Crusaders 'left genetic legacy'

By Paul Rincon
Science reporter, BBC News

Scientists have detected the faint genetic traces left by medieval crusaders in the Middle East.

The team says it found a particular DNA signature which recently appeared in Lebanon and is probably linked to the crusades.

The finding comes from the Genographic Project, a major effort to track human migrations through DNA.

Details of the research have been published in the American Journal of Human Genetics.

The researchers found that some Christian men in Lebanon carry a DNA signature hailing from Western Europe.

Four crusades came through Lebanon between the 11th and 13th Centuries - the first, second, third and sixth. The bulk of the crusader armies came from England, France, Germany and Italy; many of the men stayed to build castles and settlements, mixing with the local populations.

The scientists also found that Lebanese Muslim men were more likely than Christians to carry a particular genetic signature. But this one is linked to expansions from the Arabian Peninsula which brought Islam to the area in the 7th and 8th Centuries.

But they emphasise that the differences between the two communities are minor, and that Christians and Muslim Arabs in Lebanon overwhelmingly share a common heritage.

Genetic 'surname'

The legacy of the Muslim expansion has been demonstrated in other studies which looked at the genetics of Middle Eastern and North African populations. But signs of recent European migration to the region are more unusual.

The study focused on the Y, or male, chromosome, a package of genetic material carried only by men that is passed down from father to son more or less unchanged, just like a surname.

But over many generations, the chromosome accumulates small changes, or copying errors, in its DNA sequence.
These can be used to classify male chromosomes into different groups (called haplogroups) which, to some extent, reflect a person's geographical ancestry.

The team analysed the Y chromosomes of 926 Lebanese males and found that patterns of male genetic variation in Lebanon fell more along religious lines than along geographical lines.

A genetic signature on the male chromosome called WES1, which is usually only found in west European populations, was found among the Lebanese men included in the study.

Science and history

"It seems to have come in from Europe and is found mostly in the Christian population," said Dr Spencer Wells, director of the Genographic Project.

"This is odd because typically we don't see this sort of stratification by religion when we are looking at the relative proportions of these lineages - and particularly immigration events."

He told BBC News: "Looking at the same data set, we saw a similar enrichment of lineages coming in from the Arabian Peninsula in the Muslim population which we didn't see [as often] in the Christian population."

Lebanese Muslim men were found to have high frequencies of a Y chromosome grouping known as J1. This is typical of populations originating from the Arabian Peninsula, who were involved in the Muslim expansion.

"The goal of the study was to put some science to the history of this country - which is very rich," said Pierre Zalloua, a co-author on the paper, from the Lebanese American University in Beirut.

He added: "To have these great civilisations - with the Islamic expansion and the migration from Europe - coming to Lebanon, leaving not only their genes but also some of their culture and way of life, it can only make us feel richer."

The Genographic Project was launched by National Geographic in 2005 to help piece together a picture of how the Earth was populated.

The consortium has sold 250,000 DNA test kits and regional centres have taken samples of genetic material from 31,000 indigeous people.

2008-04-01T21:11:00.001-07:00

2008-01-23T02:45:00.001-08:00

Phenotype for - Sami & Basque peoples

2008-01-23T02:44:00.001-08:00

Blue Eyes: North Europe - Sami
Green Eyes: North / Eastern Europe - Sami
Blonde Hair: North Europe - Sami
Fair Skin: North Europe - Sami

Brown/Hazel Eyes: Western Europe - Basque
Dark Brown Hair: Western Europe - Basque
Light Brown Skin/Tanned Skin: Western Europe - Basque

Sami of northern Scandinavia

2008-01-22T20:31:00.000-08:00

Basque people of France and Spain - Basque Tribes

2008-01-22T20:26:00.000-08:00

Society - Ethnicity: U5a1a & R1b1c*

2008-01-22T18:37:00.000-08:00

Society - Ethnicity - Sami: U5a1a

Lapponia / Samiland

The Sámi or Saami are the native inhabitants of northern Scandinavia. The terms Lapp and Lappish are to be avoided. The Sami country, Lapponia or Sápmi, is divided between four states: Finland (Suopma in Sami), Norway (Norga), Sweden (Ruotta) and Russia (Ruossa). There are about 70,000 Sami in Scandinavia. In Norway, between 40,000 and 45,000. Sweden about 17,000, Finland around 5,700 and Russia approx. 2,000. The Sami language (of the Finno-Ugric group) is not just one, but a set of different languages. Some count three distinct languages: East Sami, Central Sami and South Sami, with Central Sami including North Sami, Pite Sami and Lule Sami. In other accounts up to 11 Sami languages are listed. Not all ethnic Sami speak their language. Just 20.000 in Norway, in Finland around 3,000, in Sweden 10,000 and in Russia about 1,000. Most Sami speakers speak North Sami.

The Sami people (also Sámi, Saami, Lapps, sometimes also Laplanders) are an indigenous people of northern Europe inhabiting Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia. Their ancestral lands span across an area the size of Sweden in the Nordic countries. The Sami people are among the largest indigenous groups in Europe. Their languages are the Sami languages, which are classified as Finno-Ugric.

The cultural assimilation over many years of the Sami people in the four countries makes it difficult to estimate the numbers of Sami. However, the population is estimated at about 85,000. The Norwegian state recognizes any Norwegian as Sami if he or she has one great-grandparent whose home language was Sami, but there is not, and has not been, any registration of the home language spoken by Norwegian people. Roughly half of all Sami live in Norway, but many live in Sweden as well. Finland and Russia are also home to smaller groups located in the far north. The Sami in Russia were forced by the Soviet authorities to relocate to a collective called Lovozero/Lujávri, in the central part of the Kola Peninsula.

Traditionally, the Sami had a variety of livelihoods; fishing on the coast and in the inland, trapping animals for fur, sheep herding, etc. The best known livelihood is reindeer herding, but only a small percentage of the Sami have been mainly reindeer herders over the last centuries. Today, many Sami lead modern lives in the cities inside and outside the traditional Sami area, with modern jobs. Some 10% still practice reindeer herding, which for traditional and cultural reasons is reserved for Sami people in some parts of Nordic countries.

Society - Ethnicity - Basque: R1b1c*

The Basques (Basque: Euskaldunak) are an indigenous people who inhabit parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France.

The name Basque derives from Medieval French and ultimately from the ancient tribe of the Vascones, described by Ancient Greek historian Strabo as living south of the western Pyrenees and north of the Ebro River, in modern day Navarre and northern Aragon. This tribal name, of unknown etymology, was extended in late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages to cover all Basque-speaking people on either side of the Pyrenees.

Basques are now mainly found in an area traditionally known as Euskal Herria, located around the western end of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay.

This article discusses the Basques as an ethnic group or, as some view them, a nation, in contrast to other ethnic groups living in the Basque area. The history of the Basque region as covered here will focus on how that history bears on the Basques as a people.

Recent genetic studies (Stephen Oppenheimer) have confirmed that about 75% of the people of the British Isles have bloodlines that can be traced to inhabitants of the Basque areas of Spain and France based on Y-chromosome and mtDNA analysis. The originators of these genes are thought to have traveled up the Atlantic Coast in the Upper Palaeolithic and the Mesolithic period.

A similar proportion of the remaining, Romance speaking, inhabitants of the whole Iberian peninsula (both Spain and Portugal) share similar percentages of haplogroup R1b to the people of Britain and Ireland as well as very similar mtDNA ancestry.

Genetics

Although they are genetically distinctive in some ways, the Basques are still very typically west European in terms of their Mt-DNA and Y-DNA sequences, and in terms of some other genetic loci. These same sequences are widespread throughout the western half of Europe, especially along the western fringe of the continent. The Saami people of northern Scandinavia show an especially high abundance of a Mt-DNA type found at 11% amongst Basques. Somewhat higher among neighbour Cantabrians,being the isolated Pasiegos with Mt-DNA V haplogroup of wider microsatellite variation than Saami.

It is thought that the Basque Country and neighbouring regions served as a refuge for palaeolithic humans during the last major glaciation when environments further north were too cold and dry for continuous habitation. When climate warmed into the present interglacial, populations would have rapidly spread north along the west European coast. Genetically, in terms of Y-chromosomes and Mt-DNA, inhabitants of Britain and Ireland are closely related to the Basques, reflecting their common origin in this refugial area. Basques, along with Irish, show the highest frequency of the Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup R1b in Western Europe; some 98% of native Basque men have this haplogroup. The Y-chromosome and MtDNA relationship between Basques and people of Ireland and Wales is of equal ratios as to neighbouring areas of Spain, where similar ethnically "Spanish" people now live in close proximity to the Basques, although this genetic relationship is also very strong among Basques and other Spaniards. In fact, as Stephen Oppenheimer has stated in The Origins of the British (2006), although Basques have been more isolated than other Iberians, they are a population representative of south western Europe. As to the genetic relationship among Basques, Iberians and Britons.

By far the majority of male gene types in the derive from Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal), ranging from a low of 59% in Fakenham, Norfolk to highs of 96% in Llangefni, north Wales and 93% Castlerea, Ireland. On average only 30% of gene types in England derive from north-west Europe. Even without dating the earlier waves of north-west European immigration, this invalidates the Anglo-Saxon wipeout theory... ...75-95% of British and Irish (genetic) matches derive from Iberia...Ireland, coastal Wales, and central and west-coast Scotland are almost entirely made up from Iberian founders, while the rest of the non-English parts of the Britain and Ireland have similarly high rates. England has rather lower rates of Iberian types with marked heterogeneity, but no English sample has less than 58% of Iberian samples...

Before the development of modern Genetics based on DNA sequencing, Basques were noted as having the highest global apportion of Rh- blood type (35% phenotypically, 60% genetically). Additionally Basques also have virtually no B blood type (nor the related AB group). These differences are thought to reflect their long history of isolation, along with times when the population size of the Basques was small, allowing gene frequencies to drift over time. The history of isolation reflected in gene frequencies has presumably been key to the Basque people retaining their distinctive language, while more recently arrived Indo-European languages swamped other indigenous languages that were previously spoken in western Europe. In fact, in accordance with other genetic studies, a recent genetic piece of research from 2007 claims: "The Spanish and Basque groups are the furthest away from other continental groups (with more diversity within the same genetic groups) which is consistent with the suggestions that the Iberian peninsula holds the most ancient West European genetic ancestry."

Sami of northern Scandinavia & Basque people of France and Spain

2008-01-21T21:51:00.000-08:00

# the Sami of northern Scandinavia (marginalized by Finnish and North Germanic expansion) - U5a1a

# the Basque people of France and Spain (marginalized by Latin/Western Romance expansion) - R1b1c*

I share histories with: Latin, Finnic, Celtic, and Germanic Europe.

2008-01-21T21:05:00.000-08:00

I share histories with: Latin, Finnic, Celtic, and Germanic Europe.

Indigenous peoples of Europe:

Y-DNA: R1b1c* AMH

The Basque people of northern Spain and southern France.

mtDNA: U5a1a

The Sami people of northern Scandinavia.

Latin Europe: R1b1c* AMH

Italians
French+Walloons+Romands
Spaniards
Portuguese

Walloons: R1b1c* AMH

The name is derived from "walhaz", which was a term used by the ancient Germanic Tribes to refer to "Celtic" people. (Other modern derivatives of "walhaz" include "Welsh", "Wallis", and "Wallachia".) A more modern popular interpretation attributed to "Wallonia" is "the land of the valleys" (i.e., reading "wal-" as cognate with French "vallée", etc.), which has been used by the ministry of tourism in touristic road signs, typically in French as "pays des vallées". The part of Wallonia south and east of the Meuse is indeed remarkably hilly.

Recent genetic studies in Wallonia have shown in Y-chromosomes that most Walloons share their genes with the Celts.

Finnic peoples: U5a1a

* Finns
* Estonians
* Sami
* Mordvins
* Udmurts
* Mari
* Komi
* Karelians

Celtic Europe: R1b1c* AMH / U5a1a

* Irish
* Scots
* Welsh
* Bretons
* Cornish
* Manx

# Germanic Europe: R1b1c* AMH / U5a1a

* Germans+Austrians+Alemannic Swiss+Luxembourgers
* English
* Scandinavians
* Dutch+Flemish
* Frisians

Atlantic modal haplotype (AMH).

2008-01-21T03:46:00.000-08:00

Haplotype 1.15 is also modal in the Basques and constitutes 41% of the sample, rising to 56% for the cluster of one-step neighbors. This is called the Atlantic modal haplotype (AMH). In each of the Basque, Welsh, and Irish populations, a total of 89 to 90% of the chromosomes are in hg 1, which contains the M173-defined Eu18 hg, with the majority of the remainder in hg 2. The AMH and one-step neighbors are present in the target populations but only one chromosome from this group is found in the Near Eastern samples, and it is absent in India and Central Asia samples. There is no evidence, therefore, that incoming Neolithics or later immigrants originating in the Near East carried the AMH at frequencies as high as those characterizing the Atlantic populations.

Studies suggest the possibility of a Basque/Celtic connection since they show Irish and Basque populations falling very near one another on the first principal component axis, which reflects the spread of Neolithic farmers from the Near East. The relative proximity of the Basque and Irish on this axis reflects the relatively small Neolithic component in these populations. More recently studies have used a northwest to southeast cline through Europe of p49a, f haplotype XV [which forms a subclade of hg 1] to argue that hg 1 in Ireland must be old. All pairwise comparisons of hg distributions between the European and Near Eastern populations are significantly different except for those within the Atlantic group—Welsh, Irish, and Basques—none of which are distinguishable, showing that they form a Y-chromosome community with members more closely related to one another than they are to the other European populations. It should be noted that Basque-Celtic similarity not only implies that Basque- and Celtic-speaking populations derive from common paternal ancestors, but that genetic drift in these communities has not been sufficiently great to differentiate them.

The signal of Basque-Celtic similarity depends to a large degree on the AMH, which has much higher frequency in these populations than in other European populations. With one-step neighbors, the AMH composes only 38% of the Frisian sample (significantly different, P 0.05), consistent with the view that the Basques are genetically distinguishable from continental populations generally. As three alleles within this six-locus haplotype are known to follow a southeast to northwest cline in Europe, it is likely that most other European populations will have even lower frequencies than the Frisians. Both the Basque and the Celtic populations show high frequencies of the AMH. Because the former are generally considered to have received a very limited input of Near Eastern genes in the Neolithic, that similarity also suggests that in the British Isles the Neolithic transition did not entail a major demographic shift. Accordingly, farming may have spread in Britain more through cultural transmission than through migration.

2008-01-21T02:48:00.000-08:00

Prenatal screening tests & Biometric Identifiers

2007-12-26T03:04:00.001-08:00

Prenatal screening tests & Biometric Identifiers

Biometric Identifiers - Biometric Identification:

What are the benefits of biometrics?

Biometrics potentially provide a more accurate, streamlined and secure method for verifying identity.

Traditionally, identity verification has relied on something you know, such as a password or personal identification number (PIN), or something you have, such as a smart card or access
device.

Biometrics offer the advantage of being based on the unique physical characteristics of an individual. This means there is nothing to carry or remember, and much less possibility that
a biometric identifier could be used without the individual’s knowledge and permission.

Biometric Recognition:

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

DNA is the genetic blueprint for humans. Everyone except for identical twins has unique DNA. DNA is found in the nucleus of every cell in the body except red blood cells and is the same throughout the body.

There are many regions of DNA molecules that do not hold any known genetic information, but that vary enormously from person to person. These regions are called non-coding or ‘junk’ DNA, and can be used to distinguish between individuals.

My famous DNA

2007-12-26T00:48:00.000-08:00

Cheddar Man - U5a

16192T, 16270T - England - 9,000+ years ago

http://www.isogg.org/famousdna.htm

Britain's oldest complete skeleton, Cheddar Man, was buried in Gough's Cave 9,000 years ago and discovered in 1903.

My ancestors lived in the caves for 40,000 years, leaving behind many stone-and-bone clues to their lifestyle.

Cheddar Man is the name given to the remains of a human male found in Gough's Cave in Cheddar Gorge, Somerset, England. The remains date to approximately 7150 BC, and it appears that he died a violent death, perhaps related to the cannibalism practiced in the area at the time. He is Britain’s oldest complete human skeleton.

The remains were excavated in 1903, and currently reside in the Natural History Museum in London, with a replica in the "Cheddar Man and the Cannibals" museum in Cheddar village.

In the late 1990s, Bryan Sykes of Oxford University first sequenced the mitochondrial DNA of Cheddar Man, with DNA extracted from one of Cheddar Man's molars. Cheddar Man was determined to have belonged to a branch of mitochondrial haplogroup U, a haplogroup which is especially common in Britain, Ireland and the Basque Country of northern Spain and south western France. Haplogroup U is generally found to be most common in southern and western Europe and may have originated in West Asia. Bryan Sykes' research into Cheddar Man was filmed as he performed it. As a means of connecting Cheddar Man to the living residents of Cheddar village, he compared mitochondrial DNA taken from twenty living residents of the village to that extracted from Cheddar Man’s molar. It produced two exact matches and one match with a single mutation. The two exact matches were schoolchildren, and their names were not released. The close match was a history teacher named Adrian Targett.

This modern connection to Cheddar Man (who died at least three thousand years before agriculture began in Britain) makes very credible the theory that modern-day Britons are not all descended from Middle-Eastern migratory farmers, but rather modern Britons are descended from ancient European Palaeolithic and Mesolithic hunter-gatherer tribes who much later on adopted farming.

Set amid the dramatic landscape of Cheddar Gorge, the Cheddar Man and the Cannibals museum recreates life and death in the Stone Age based on finds made in the famous caves.

The most controversial exhibit is a collection of 12,500-year-old butchered human bones, which prove that our ancestors were cannibals.

The museum's other displays include the 9,000-year-old Cheddar Man - Britain's oldest complete skeleton - and a giant rotating skull within a cave of mirrors.

The new attraction features lessons in Stone Age survival skills. There is also a cave art wall where visitors can try their hand as prehistoric painters and a stunning display which transforms a 'living' Cheddar Man into his skeletal remains.
A child painting on rock

Other displays include a three-metre tall cave bear skeleton, a depiction of the Stone Age 'Arms Race' and tableaux featuring both the ritual 'burial' of Cheddar Man and his re-discovery in Gough's Cave 9,000 years later.

Adrian Targett, the local history teacher who was found to be a descendant of Cheddar Man following DNA testing, is joining Lord Bath at the official opening of the exhibition on Wednesday 23 March 2005.

Curator Bob Smart said: "This isn't a 'traditional' museum experience.

"Some of the exhibits may not be for the faint-hearted: they're a graphic depiction of Stone Age life - including cannibalism.

"I believe the giant skull is one of the more startling objects ever to go on display to the public.

"I'm sure it will provide a major talking point for visitors - and that's exactly what it's meant to do.
Reconstruction of prehistoric man lighting a fire

"We want people to really get a sensation of what the world was like back then, wherever possible they can touch and feel many of the objects.

"We also use sound and lighting effects to bring the experience to life.

"Our aim is to show people that Cheddar Man is really modern man in a Stone Age environment.

"We look at advances in technology, art, society and the growth of religion as well as the controversial topic of cannibalism," he added.

Colla Uais the Father of the Clans - R1b

Niall of the Nine Hostages - R1b

Niall Noigiallach, the Great King of Ireland

http://www.isogg.org/famousdna.htm

Colla Uais was a high king of Ireland. Circa 325CE Colla Uais seized Ulster subsequently taking his followers to Scotland. His descendants, known as the 'sons of Erc' (Angus, Fergus & Loarn), became the traditional founders of the Scottish line of the Dál Riata kingdom circa 465CE.

Colla Uais (Carioll) MacECHACH DUIBHLEIN

121st MONARCH of IRELAND; `Colla the Noble'

HM George I's 36-Great Grandfather.

Niall of the Nine Hostages (Irish: Niall Noigíallach) was a High King of Ireland who was active from the mid 4th century into the early 5th century. The date of his death, according to medieval Irish sources, is c. 405. He is said to have made raids on the coastlines of Britannia and Gaul. The roughly contemporary dates have lead some to suggest a link with the kidnapping of Saint Patrick as a youth.

The fifth and youngest son of Eochaid Mugmedon, an Irish High King, and Cairenn Chasdubh (curly black), the enslaved daughter of Sachell Balb (Sachell the stammerer), a British king, he was the eponymous ancestor, through his sons Conall Gulban, Endae, Eógan, Coirpre, Lóegaire, Maine of Tethba, Conall Cremthainne and Fiachu Fiachrach, of the Uí Néill dynasties.

The Northern and Southern Uí Néill dynasties, which provided most of the High Kings for centuries, descended from Niall. Other famous descendants include Niall's great-great grandson Saint Columba, Saint Máel Ruba, the Kings of Scotland, the Kings of Ailech, the Kings of Tir Eogain, The Kings of Tír Conaill, Chieftain and Earl Hugh O'Neill, Clan Chief and Earl Red Hugh O'Donnell of the O'Donnell of Tyrconnell, military leaders of Confederate Ireland Owen Roe O'Neill and Hugh Dubh O'Neill and Phelim O'Neill, Roman Catholic Primate of Ireland Aodh MacCathmhaoil, Spanish Prime Minister Leopoldo O'Donnell 1st Duque de Tetuan, Sir Cahir O’Doherty, Shane O'Neill, Sir William Johnson of the O'Neills of the Fews, in addition to numerous officers in the armies of France, Spain, and the Austrian Empire. The current British royal family claims a link.

Niall Noigiallach MacECHACH

aka Nial Mor NAOIGHIALLACH `of the Nine Hostages'; 1st King (but reckoned 126th MONARCH) of IRELAND; conquered nine countries (incl. part of France)

HM George I's 34-Great Grandfather.

Died: abt. 405 Boulogne

U5a1a % Exact Matches

2007-12-25T19:54:00.000-08:00

R1b1c* % Exact Matches

2007-12-25T19:53:00.001-08:00

U5a1a % Exact Matches

2007-12-25T19:29:00.001-08:00

R1b1c* % Exact Matches

2007-12-25T19:27:00.001-08:00

2007-12-15T23:19:00.001-08:00

I have 6% Welsh exact genetic matches & 5% Dutch exact genetic matches. I'm starting to believe that during the Roman period - I was grouped with the Old Belgium group, which became the Franks later on, and during the Norman period - I think I was related to a the one third of Brittany groups that made up the Norman forces In 1066. My so certain from my mothers side we come from these areas - from our names. From my fathers side - I still need to know if I'm S21 or S28?

U5a1a & R1b1c*

2007-12-09T04:06:00.001-08:00

Our DNA Results:

2007-10-31T02:25:00.000-07:00

Caggegi-Raciti Y-DNA Results:

R1b1c:

M173+ M207+ M269+ M343+ P25+ M126- M153- M160- M18- M222- M37- M65- M73- P66- SRY2627-

393 390 19* 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389-1 392 389-2***

13 24 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29

R1b1c:

Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype.

HVR1 Haplogroup U5a1a

HVR1 differences from CRS

16157C
16192T
16256T
16270T
16320T
16399G

Caggegi-Raciti mt-DNA Results:
Fuoti-Raciti mt-DNA Results:

U5a1a:

Specific mitochondrial haplogroups are typically found in different regions of the world, and this is due to unique population histories. In the process of spreading around the world, many populations—with their special mitochondrial haplogroups—became isolated, and specific haplogroups concentrated in geographic regions. Today, we have identified certain haplogroups that originated in Africa, Europe, Asia, the islands of the Pacific, the Americas, and even particular ethnic groups. Of course, haplogroups that are specific to one region are sometimes found in another, but this is due to recent migration.

The mitochondrial super-haplogroup U encompasses haplogroups U1-U7 and haplogroup K. Haplogroup U5, with its own multiple lineages nested within, is the oldest European-specific haplogroup, and its origin dates to approximately 50,000 years ago. Most likely arising in the Near East, and spreading into Europe in a very early expansion, the presence of haplogroup U5 in Europe pre-dates the expansion of agriculture in Europe. Haplogroup U5a1a—a lineage within haplogroup U5—arose in Europe less than 20,000 years ago, and is mainly found in northwest and north-central Europe. The modern distribution of haplogroup U5a1a suggests that individuals bearing this haplogroup were part of the populations that had tracked the retreat of ice sheets from Europe.

EthnoAncestry - http://www.ethnoancestry.com/

2007-10-31T01:21:00.000-07:00

The best place to go:

EthnoAncestry - http://www.ethnoancestry.com/

Max Blankfeld - FTDNA - max@familytreedna.com

2007-10-30T00:37:00.000-07:00

FTDNA - takes every writers copyrights on the net. No Thanks to Max Blankfeld - for taking my ideas - and copyright.

Native to Doggerland:

2007-10-25T00:03:00.001-07:00

Native to Doggerland:

Doggerland is the former landmass in the southern North Sea which connected the island of Great Britain to mainland Europe during the last ice age. Geological surveys have suggested that Doggerland was a large dry land area that stretched from Britain's east coast across to the present coast of the Netherlands and the western coasts of Germany and Denmark. The land was likely a rich habitat with human habitation in the Mesolithic period. Trawlers in the North Sea have dragged up mammoth and lion remains, among other remains of land animals.

Formation

Before the first of the Pleistocene (and current) Ice Ages the Rhine flowed northwards into the North Sea at a time when the North Sea was dry. (It is thought that a Cenozoic silt deposit in East Anglia is the bed of an old course of the Rhine.) The Weald was twice as long as it is now and stretched across what is now the Strait of Dover (and the modern Boulonnais is a remnant of its east end), until Scandinavian and Scottish ice met for the first time. In the southern North Sea a large proglacial lake then formed, which received the river drainage and ice melt from much of northern Europe and western Russia. The water then overflowed over the Weald into the English Channel and cut a deep gap which sea erosion later widened gradually into the Strait of Dover.

Before the end of the Devensian glaciation (the most recent ice age) around 10,000 years ago, the British Isles were part of continental Europe. During this period the North Sea and almost all of the British Isles were covered with ice. The sea level was about 120 m lower than it is today, and much of the North Sea and English Channel was an expanse of low-lying tundra.

It is thought that after the first main Ice Age the watershed between North Sea drainage and English Channel drainage was from East Anglia east then southeast to the Hook of Holland, not across the Strait of Dover, and that the Thames and the Rhine joined and flowed along the English Channel dry bed as a wide slow river which at times flowed far before reaching the sea.

Disappearance

After the end of the last ice age, Doggerland became submerged beneath the North Sea, cutting off what was previously the British peninsula from the European mainland. The Dogger Bank was an upland area of Doggerland. However, several reports warn that the current relief of the southern North Sea seabed is not a sound guide to the topography of Doggerland.

In popular culture

The "Mammoth Journey" episode of the BBC television programme Walking with Beasts is partly set on the dry bed of the southern North Sea. The area also featured in the "Britain's Drowned World" episode of the Channel 4 Time Team documentary.

Doggerland

2007-10-24T23:55:00.000-07:00

Most of the R1b1c9 with British Isles ancestry is thought to reflect "invader" deep ancestry, meaning descended from Germanic or Scandinavian invaders of the British Isles, either after the Romans left or possibly in a more pre-historic time.

Some even theorize that S21 arose in Doggerland, which was the area of what's now the North Sea that was a landbridge between the continent and the British Isles during the Ice Age.

Of course, since that area is now under the North Sea, it's virtually impossible to prove.

The Cistercian Order - Azzolina

2007-10-23T04:40:00.000-07:00

The Cistercian Order - Azzolina

St. Ascelina - Feastday: August 23, 1195

Cistercian mystic and relative of St. Bernard. She was born in 1121 and entered the Cistercian convent at Boulancourt, Haute-Marne, France. There she was known for her mystical gifts.

St. Ascelina of Boulancourt (French, Cistercian nun, mystic, d. 1195)

The Order of Cistercians (OCist; Latin: Cistercienses), sometimes called the White Monks (from the colour of the habit, over which a black scapular or apron is sometimes worn) is a Roman Catholic religious order of enclosed monks. The first Cistercian abbey was founded by Robert of Molesme in 1098, at Cîteaux Abbey. Two others, Saint Alberic of Citeaux and Saint Stephen Harding, are considered co-founders of the order, and Bernard of Clairvaux is associated with the fast spread of the order during the 12th century.

The Templars are known to history as the warrior monks, but what is not as commonly known is the kinship the Order shared with the Cistercians, the true and original white-mantled monks/Bernardine. - under St.Benedict Rule.

Ascelina de LIMOGES/PERIGORD

http://fabpedigree.com/s017/f322920.htm

Limoges is a city and commune in France, the préfecture of the Haute-Vienne département, and the administrative capital of the Limousin région.

Périgord is a former province of France, corresponding to the current Dordogne département, now forming the northern part of the Aquitaine région. Itself divided into four regions; the Périgord(s) Noir, Blanc, Vert and Rouge, its geography and natural resources make it one of the untouched regions of Europe, and the newly-formed Parc Naturel Périgord-Limousin aims to conserve it as such.

R1b1c9 & R1b1c10

2007-10-22T22:02:00.000-07:00

R1b1b2g - U106 (R1b1c9)

R1b1b2g1 - L1 (R1b1c9a)

R1b1b2h - U152 (R1b1c10)

Raciti-Caggegi and Azzolina, Serraino, Merlo, Aliberti DNA information:

2007-10-20T19:37:00.000-07:00

Raciti-Caggegi and Azzolina, Serraino, Merlo, Aliberti DNA information:

http://www.geocities.com/johnraciti2/caggegi_raciti.html

http://www.geocities.com/johnraciti2/r1b1c.html

http://www.geocities.com/johnraciti2/u5a1a.html

2007-10-19T17:31:00.001-07:00

The Historical Background

According to conventional history, the British Isles, Gaul
(France and Belgium), and the northwest European coastline, in
ancient  times, were settled by peoples of Celtic culture. A
predominant element amongst the Celts were the Galatians to whom
belonged the Cymbri in Denmark, the Cimry and Caledonians in
Britain, and the Galli in Gaul. The Galatians were ascribed
Cimmerian origin by Classical writers6a which is substantiated
by archaeological evidence and other sources. The Cimmerians had
first appeared on the fringes of the Assyrian Empire shortly
after the majority of northern Israelites had been exiled, and
all areas of their early appearance were those to which
Israelites had been transported. The Cimmerians from the Middle
East area moved to the west where they  merged with and
transformed the Celtic civilisation which they came to dominate.
In the period 50 b.c.e. to 450 c.e. the Cimmerian-Galatian
sphere in the west was overrun by a host of newcomers, such as,
the Danes,  Vandals, Goths, Suebians, Angles, Jutes, and Franks.
All of these peoples were akin to each other and  also had
ancestral links with  the Galatian peoples they were conquering.
These nations had advanced via Germany and Scandinavia from
further east, from the area of  "Scythia" which encompassed
Russia, Siberia, and even what is now northern China.  Prior to
their being in "Scythia" the same peoples had been found on the
fringes of the Assyrian Empire, in northern Mesopotamia, the
Caucasus and Zagros mountain areas and in eastern Iran.  They
had previously  been transferred en-masse from the LAND OF
ISRAEL.  In Israel they had  been part of a Twelve Tribed
Nation,each tribe being divided into smaller familial groupings
and sub-clans.  The Assyrian directed relocation of these
"Israelites" was accompanied by the partial breaking-up and
scattering of the Tribal units. Nevertheless, enough of the
original organisational patterns were to be  maintained to
enable today the identification of historical groups within the
places of exile with Israelite entities and to trace their
subsequent movements.
The identifiable Israelite descended peoples were destined to
reach and settle in northwest Europe, where too, the same Tribal
and Tribal-clan equations are possible. What exact percentage
of  Israelite parentage exists in the relevant nations wherein
these groups settled is uncertain but it appears to be
substantial. At  all events, wherever else parts of the Lost Ten
Tribes of Israel may or may not be their overwhelming majority
migrated to the above  mentioned areas, as the following facts
show.

My matches: The Gael and Cymbri...

2007-10-19T04:15:00.000-07:00

Cummins, Commins, Comines, Cummings, Comine, Cummin, Comyn, Cumming/s, Cummine, Cuming, Cumine, Cumyn, Cummyn, Commyn

Etheridge, Etheredge, Etherege, Etherige, Ettridge, Etridge, Everidge, Attridge

Elliott, Elliott, Elliot, Eliot, Eliott, Ellegett, Ellegot, Ellecot, Ellacott, Ellacot, Ellgate, Ellett, Ellit

Cymraeg - Cymru - Wales - The Gael and Cymbri - Gallic - Gaelic - Danes.

Haug, Hughes, Hugh, Hews, Hughs, Hues, Huse

Quesnel, Quesnell, Quesnelle, Quesnoy, Quesnay, Quesne, Quesneau, du Quesnel, du Quesnell, Quennell, Quennel, Du Quesnoy, du Quesnay, du Quesne

Vance, Vans, Vaux, de Vallibus

Norman - Vikings, or Norsemen

Welsh settlement in Argentina

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_settlement_in_Argentina

Giovanni Raciti - Cimbri or Frisian?

2007-10-19T01:16:00.000-07:00

Cimbri marker - R1b1c10

The Danish Vikings (and possibly some Jutes who arrived in Kent, Hampshire, and the Isle of Wight circa 449 AD) who settled in the English Danelaw doubtless included Cimbri descendants from the Limfjord in Himmerland. In addition to providing detailed archaeological, historical and linguistic data to provide a chronological perspective relating to the Cimbri and their associates the Teutones, a recent study [2] focuses on genetic data. The Y-chromosome "signatures" of some from the Danish speaking area of the Danelaw (but not elsewhere in England or in Ireland at all), as well as regions believed to be settled by the Cimbri in Iron Age times (e.g., southeastern Norway), possess the single nucleotide polymorphism marker S28. This marker, which defines the phylogenetic category R1b1c10 is found at highest concentration in the Alpine areas of Germany, Switzerland and Italy and fans out across the area of Central Europe, as far east as Greece, known to have been inhabited by the La Tene Celts.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimbri

Frisian marker - R1b1c9, R1b1c9a

The modern remnants of Frisia Magna are small and scattered. Most of it became dominated by its expanding neighbors: the Saxons (who were moving north and west) and the Franks (who were pushing north and east). Western and Middle Frisia are solidly within the modern state of the Netherlands, which now includes the "heartland" of the Frisians from the North Sea coast from Alkmaar in the modern province of Noord-Holland, along the coasts of the modern provinces of Friesland and Groningen, and up to the mouth of the Ems. Culturally, it has shrunk down to the province of Friesland alone. The Frisian language is now spoken there and in parts of the Wadden Sea islands of Terschelling and Schiermonnikoog (West Frisian language), in the German municipality of Saterland (Saterland Frisian language) and in parts of the German district North Frisia (North Frisian) on the west coast of Jutland. The North Frisian language is under heavy pressure from Low German, Standard German and faces possible extinction. A total of 29 schools in Southern Schleswig offer courses in Frisian.[16] The language is not spoken in Denmark. The East Frisian Low Saxon (a dialect of the Low Saxon) is spoken in East Frisia.

R1b1c9
R1b1c9a

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisians

Frisian Migrations

The Frisian people also migrated to other areas in Europe. Migrations to England during the early Middle Ages (along with the Angles, Saxons and Jutes) have been particularly well characterized through genetics, linguistics, and archeology. [15] The Frisian language has much in common with Old English.

In the Faorese island of Suðuroy people refer to 'Frísarnir í Akrabergi' (the Frisians of Akraberg), indicating that the Frisians might have had some sort of settlement there.

R1b1c9*, a, b - & - R1b1c10

2007-10-17T00:08:00.000-07:00

R1b1c9*, a, b

There is, however, one exception - a grouping within the subclade S21+. What some have called "Frisian" with DYS390 = 23, if seen with DYS492 = 13, is in fact very likely to be S21+. However what I think many fail to realize is that about half of the S21+ group cannot be predicted in this manner. Curiously I have two Shetlanders with aboriginal (Norse) surnames who with 37 markers fit the S21 pattern but they test negative; however another who is Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype does test S21+. It is clearly bimodal, "Frisian" and "other". Being DYS492 = 13 or 14 is strongly suggestive of all varieties of S21+.

Subgroupings of R1b1c9 can however generally be predicted. R1b1c9a is seen when the testing DYS439 returns a null value. R1b1c9b has a fairly distinctive pattern of Y-STR scores.

All R1b1c9 of whatever stripe is to date found in the heaviest concentration in the Saxon - Frisian region (where it approaches 75% of the R1b1c in that location), and tapers off slightly into Scandinavia (where it is still the predominant R1b1c haplogroup), and falls somewhat precipitously as one travels to the west (except in England and Lowland Scotland where it can make up 50% of the R1b1c). The strong showing in Italy may reflect the footprint of Germanics such as the Lombards, or perhaps the remnants of those who over-wintered in that region while R1b1c* was basking in the Franco - Cantabrian area. To date a lack of data means that we don't know if eastern R1b1c, (e.g., Hungarian; Ashkenazi; Anatolian), is R1b1c*, R1b1c9, or R1b1c10.

R1b1c10

It is now quite evident that there is no way to predict R1b1c10 from a haplotype, even at 67 markers. Ron Scott's database of extended haplotypes for SNP tested R1b is a good starting point. Most S28+ Y-STR markers are modal for R1b1c. I (being S28+) have the very unusual DYS444 = 14 (12 being a strong modal) but of the totality of the R1b1c10 with extended haplotypes, only one (ancestor from Kent County) shares this with me. There is no consistency whatsoever within the R1b1c10 haplogroup subclade - they "look" no different compared to R1b1c*, or R1b1c6 for that matter.

As to distribution of this haplogroup subclade there is a very definite "hotspot" in Switzerland, Alpine Germany, and Northern Italy. The majority of R1b1c whom EA has tested from this area are S28+, although we are looking at relatively small sample sizes. From this "epicentre" the haplogroup radiates out through the middle of France to the Bay of Biscay (France being a mixture of R1b1c*, 4, 6, 9 and 10 - at the moment I don't know which predominates). To the east it follows the path of the La Tene Celtic migration of the 4th Century BC, ending up in Southern Poland and the Balkans - and likely further east but there is as yet no data so nothing further can be said. There is an "isolated" enclave in Southern Scandinavia that has shown itself in the English Danelaw, those with aboriginal (place) surnames in Orkney (characteristic of Norse families), and coastal Eastern Scotland (only in those places known to have been settled by the Vikings).

Further research may confirm that R1b1c10 is one of the largest haplogroups found in Central Europe north of the Alps. Perhaps this holds true until interfacing with the large haplogroup R1b1c* groups of the west (plus their likely kindred R1b1c4, 5, and 7); R1b1c9 and I1a in the north; and the I1b and R1a1 populations of the Slavic - speaking world in the east. To date there has not been an exception (time will likely cure this) of S28+ being found outside the known areas of 4th Century La Tene Celtic migrations and settlement. Hence for the present we might tentatively term it the "La Tene Celt marker". Perhaps some will find this a tad presumptuous or simplistic - but nothing ventured, nothing gained. In this instance there does seem to be a noteworthy correspondence between the distribution patterns of archaeological assemblages of the Hallstatt and La Tene eras, and this particular genetic marker. Based on this observation I predict that ancient DNA testing of, for example, the La Tene cemeteries in Bohemia (home of the Boii tribe), but also the burial places of the Helvetii and related tribes of the Alpine regions, will predominantly test R1b1c10 (S28), as will the present day R1b1c populations of these domains - they being descendants of the "Ancient Celts".

Azzolina's in Bremen

2007-10-13T19:29:00.000-07:00

The boy's name Acelin \a-ce-lin\ is of French origin, and its meaning is "highborn".

Baby names that sound like Acelin are Acilino, Aslan and Joslin. Other similar baby names are Acel, Allin, Alin, Ailin, Arlin, Ashlin and Adlin.

Acelin: "Highborn."

[B]Acelin[/B], dean of Bremen, was consecrated bishop in [B]1061[/B]

[B]Bremen[/B] :

Formerly the seat of an archdiocese situated in the north-western part of the present [B]German Empire[/B]. After Charlemagne's conquest of the [B]Saxons[/B], Christianity was preached in the region about the lower Elbe and the lower Weser by St. Willehad; in 787 Willehad was consecrated bishop, and that part of Saxony and Friesland about the mouth of the Weser assigned him for his diocese. He chose as his see the city of Bremen, which is mentioned for the first time in documents of 782, and built there a cathedral, praised for its beauty by St. Anschar; it was dedicated in 789. The Diocese of Bremen, however, was erected only under St. Willehad's successor, St. Willerich (804 or 805-838). After the death of the third bishop, Leuderich (d. 845), by an act of synod of Mainz (848), Bremen was united with the Archdiocese of Hamburg, which, since its foundation, in 831, had been under St. Anschar, who was appointed first archbishop of the new archdiocese (848-865). [B]Hamburg had been destroyed by the Vikings in 845[/B], and in 1072, after a second destruction of the city, the archiepiscopal see was definitely transferred to Bremen, though the title was not formally transferred until 1223. Until the secularization of 1803 Hamburg had its own cathedral chapter. Before it was united with Hamburg, the Diocese of Bremen had belonged to the Province of Cologne. Despite the protests of the Archbishop of Cologne against the separation of Bremen, Pope Nicholas I, in 864, confirmed the new foundation, which fell heir to the task of evangelizing the pagan North.

2007-10-11T21:13:00.001-07:00

Name Origins - for U5a1a Members:

Here's what I found:

Name Origins - for U5a1a Members:

English: 34 %
Norman-/French: 23 %
Scottish: 19 %
Anglo-Saxon-/German: 11 %
Irish: 7 %
Welsh: 4 %

These are the cultural names that match me mainly on my Y-DNA (R1b1c*).

English Names - 41%
Scottish Names - 18%
Irish Names - 16%
French Names - 16%
German Names - 5%
Dutch Names - 4%

There is definely a Norman/Anglo-Saxon/Frisian - connection with my genetic matches in the FTDNA database.

The Cimbri

2007-10-09T03:27:00.000-07:00

The Cimbri, at least as far back as the latter part of the 2nd Century BC,
but with persuasive evidence for a much earlier date (6th Century), resided in what is
today Himmerland County, Jutland, Denmark. Some ultimately settled in the Vestfold
area of Southeast Norway and perhaps Hordaland. The writings of Classical Greek and
Roman authors make it clear despite their location in the Germanic north, they spoke a
Celtic language related to Gaulish P-Celt, originated in the Celtic lands between Gaul and
Moravia with prongs in Jutland as well as both sides of the Alps, and had a culture that
was overwhelmingly Celtic. Their Celtic affiliation lasted until some time between the
3rd and 6th Centuries AD when they lost their tribal identity subsequent to merging with
the Danes. Archaeological data confirms that their culture was Celtic, with some of the
most impressive Celtic finds in Europe coming from Himmerland. Genetic data points to
a prototypic La Tene Central European Y-chromosome DNA marker (S28-R1b1c10) as
being one key component of the genetic mix of the Cimbri. This marker links them to
their Central European kinfolk (e.g., in Switzerland and Northern Italy), and their Danish
and Norse Viking descendants in Eastern England, the Orkney Islands and elsewhere.

S28 is a novel SNP that has been little studied to date that defines a subgroup of R1b1c. Although caution is required due to biased reporting of SNP testing it appears to be a reasonably frequent SNP within R1b its age suggests it occurred in the hunter-gatherer period after the last ice age. Its distribution strongly suggests it originated in Europe, the moderate frequency in England is consistent with perhaps one third of the Y chromosomes in the region having a post hunter-gatherer European origin.

Celts in Italy

2007-10-01T01:55:00.000-07:00

Celts in Italy

There was an early Celtic presence in northern Italy since inscriptions dated to the sixth century BC have been found there. In 391BC Celts "who had their homes beyond the Alps streamed through the passes in great strength and seized the territory that lay between the Appeninne mountains and the Alps" according to Diodorus Siculus. The Po Valley and the rest of northern Italy (known to the Romans as Cisalpine Gaul) was inhabited by Celtic-speakers who founded cities such as Milan. Later the Roman army was routed at the battle of Allia and Rome was sacked in 390BC.

At the battle of Telemon in 225 BC a large Celtic army was trapped between two Roman forces and crushed.

The defeat of the combined Samnite, Celtic and Etruscan alliance by the Romans in the Third Samnite War sounded the beginning of the end of the Celtic domination in mainland Europe, but it was not until 192 BC that the Roman armies conquered the last remaining independent Celtic kingdoms in Italy.

The Celts settled much further south of the Po River than many maps show. Remnants in the town of Doccia, in the province of Emilia-Romagna, showcase Celtic houses in very good condition dating from about the 4th century BC.

2007-09-30T03:03:00.001-07:00

Dear Project Members,

You can now view the project Y-DNA results in IE7:

http://us.share.geocities.com/johnraciti2/Nordic_Celtic_DNA.html

http://www.geocities.com/johnraciti2/Project_Page.html

Please use FireFox to view Y-DNA results at FTDNA.

http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Nordic-Celtic/

Members were having problems viewing the data. I spent a bit of time
constructing pages so that members can view Y-DNA results in IE7.

Best Regards,
John

Admin
Nordic and Celtic DNA Project - (Saami & Iberian).

Ingenious to Europe

2007-09-29T04:10:00.001-07:00

I have an exact match to the Atlantic modal haplotype.

I'm an R1b1c - This Haplogroup R1b1c is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype.

I'm a U5 — which arose in Europe less than 20,000 years ago, and is mainly found in northwest and north-central Europe.

I can clearly say that I am ingenious to Europe on both my YDNA and mtDNA.

R1b1c10 (S28+)

2007-09-23T21:41:00.001-07:00

R1b1c10 (S28+) is the apparent SW
German-Swiss-Northern Italian connection. Makes me curious about the
Amesbury Archer, whose tooth enamel showed he was born and raised somewhere
in the Alpine region, and the Hochdorf Chieftain, whose body was found
inside a huge, intact burial mound in SW Germany, near Stuttgart.

R1b1c (SNP-tested: M173+, M207+, M269+, M343+, P25+)

2007-09-23T20:21:00.001-07:00

Kit N12956 R1b1c (SNP-tested: M173+, M207+, M269+, M343+, P25+)

2007-09-23T19:51:00.000-07:00

The R1b1c10 (S28) Although sample sizes are relatively small, it appears to reach a maximum in Alpine Germany and Switzerland.

3) Genetics, Archaeology, Isotope Analysis, Linguistic and Historical Data and the Danes in England: In England to date one S28 - R1b1c10 has roots in Kent which may reflect Jutish ancestry from Anglo - Saxon times. All the other customers of Ethnoancestry whose genetic marker on the Y-chromosome are S28+ can trace their ancestry to the Danelaw of Eastern England. The haplotypes are highlly variable. The only consistency is inconsistency (likely due to the great age of the marker). A research sample for a village in Norfolk has zero S28 - but there are no Scandinavian town names anywhere in the vicinity. There are no Scots or Irish with this marker yet located. Falke is from East Anglia, one of the three areas of concentration of the Danish Vikings. Another is the area of Lincolnshire near the Humber River (Scandinavian place names abound here) where as an example a S28+ whose name is Johnson (reflection of a Scandinavian naming practice) resides. Unless there is some complete reversal of the observations and trends then it seems very clear that the Faux Y chromosome which is S28+ (R1b1c10), arrived in East Anglia with the "Great Army", and was among those who in 879 at the treaty between Alfred of Wessex and Guthrum of the Danelaw decided to turn his sword into a ploughshare and who in 880 AD benefited from the parcelling out of the lands there to the Danes. This would explain why in the 1300s the Falkes were a wealthy land owning family (rare for those days). This period in East Anglian history is, however, truly the "Dark Ages" with a paucity of information upon which to base any assertions. The place name evidence suggests a significant presence (especially since most probably settled within already named parishes), there are also many words in English that are Scandinavian (e.g., egg, sky, ill, window), and Danish - style surnames ending in "son" occur. There is little in the archaeological record, however, to differentiate Dane from Saxon (likely due to the eaarly conversion to Christianity). Dawn Hadley and Julian D. Richards are among the foremost authors to tackle this matter.

M343: Direct Descendants of Cro-Magnon

2007-09-23T02:12:00.000-07:00

R1b1c*:

http://www.geocities.com/johnraciti2/r1b1c.html

M343: Direct Descendants of Cro-Magnon

Fast Facts

Time of Emergence: Around 30,000 years ago

Place of Origin: Western Europe

Climate: Ice sheets continuing to creep down Northern Europe

Estimated Number of Homo sapiens:

Tools and Skills: Upper Paleolithic

Around 30,000 years ago, a descendant of the clan making its way into Europe gave rise to marker M343, the defining marker of your haplogroup. You are a direct descendent of the people who dominated the human expansion into Europe, the Cro-Magnon.

The Cro-Magnon are responsible for the famous cave paintings found in southern France. These spectacular paintings provide archaeological evidence that there was a sudden blossoming of artistic skills as your ancestors moved into Europe. Prior to this, artistic endeavors were mostly comprised of jewelry made of shell, bone, and ivory; primitive musical instruments; and stone carvings.

The cave paintings of the Cro-Magnon depict animals like bison, deer, rhinoceroses, and horses, and natural events important to Paleolithic life such as spring molting, hunting, and pregnancy. The paintings are far more intricate, detailed, and colorful than anything seen prior to this period.

Your ancestors knew how to make woven clothing using the natural fibers of plants, and had relatively advanced tools of stone, bone, and ivory. Their jewelry, carvings, and intricate, colorful cave paintings bear witness to the Cro-Magnons' advanced culture during the last glacial age.

2007-09-23T01:55:00.000-07:00

THE WESTERN ATLANTIC MODAL HAPLOTYPE

The Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype is the most common Y-DNA signature of Europe’s most common Haplogroup, R1b. Simply put your ancestors have experienced a dramatic population explosion over the past 10,000 years, probably since the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM-that’s Anthropology-speak for the last Ice Age) that covered most of Europe beginning 20,000 years ago and lasting for 10,000 long cold winters.

R1b, and its most common Haplotype (yours), exists in high or very high frequencies in all of Western Europe from Spain in the south to the British Isles and western Scandinavia in the north. It appears that approximately 2.5% in Western European males share this most common genetic 12 marker signature and because of its very high frequency we always suggest that for genealogy purposes people in this group should only use our 25 or 37 marker test for their genealogy.

Anthropologists have been describing for many years that only a select % of all the males in past societies did the vast majority of fathering, while other males lost the opportunity to pass on their Y-Chromosomal genes.

On a lighter note it’s clear that R1b’s Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype has contributed much more than its ‘fair share’ in populating Western Europe.

R1b1c*

Haplogroup R1b1c is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype.

U5a1a

Specific mitochondrial haplogroups are typically found in different regions of the world, and this is due to unique population histories. In the process of spreading around the world, many populations—with their special mitochondrial haplogroups—became isolated, and specific haplogroups concentrated in geographic regions. Today, we have identified certain haplogroups that originated in Africa, Europe, Asia, the islands of the Pacific, the Americas, and even particular ethnic groups. Of course, haplogroups that are specific to one region are sometimes found in another, but this is due to recent migration.

The mitochondrial super-haplogroup U encompasses haplogroups U1-U7 and haplogroup K. Haplogroup U5, with its own multiple lineages nested within, is the oldest European-specific haplogroup, and its origin dates to approximately 50,000 years ago. Most likely arising in the Near East, and spreading into Europe in a very early expansion, the presence of haplogroup U5 in Europe pre-dates the expansion of agriculture in Europe. Haplogroup U5a1a—a lineage within haplogroup U5—arose in Europe less than 20,000 years ago, and is mainly found in northwest and north-central Europe. The modern distribution of haplogroup U5a1a suggests that individuals bearing this haplogroup were part of the populations that had tracked the retreat of ice sheets from Europe.

Caggegi-Raciti DNA

2007-09-23T01:47:00.000-07:00

I just got my dna results back from The University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona:

I've find out that I have:

On my Y-DNA male side I have the most genetic cousins found in Ireland and in Spain (R1b1c* deep SNP tested) (First appeared 30,000 years ago in Europe).

R1b: https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my050

On my mtDNA female side I have the most genetic cousins found in Finland (U5a1a) (First appeared 15,000 years ago in Europe).

U5: https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=mm055

2007-09-21T22:43:00.001-07:00

R1b FT upgrade (US$129)

The list of SNPs tested is as follows:

S21, S26, S28 and S29.

http://www.ethnoancestry.com/R1b.html#ftupgrade

or

Custom SNP Test - US$39 per SNP
S21
S26

http://www.ethnoancestry.com/custom.htm

I'm happy to state that I:

2007-09-21T20:25:00.001-07:00

I'm happy to state that I:

I just got my dna results back from The University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona:

I've find out that I have:

On my Y-DNA male side I have the most genetic cousins found in Ireland and in Spain (R1b1c deep SNP tested) (First appeared 30,000 years ago in Europe).

On my mtDNA female side I have the most genetic cousins found in Finland (U5a1a) (First appeared 15,000 years ago in Europe).

These are my grandparents (plus a great-grand mother) below:

http://www.geocities.com/johnraciti2/nonni.gif

Cheers,
John

John Raciti's Y-DNA Results: 'R1b1c'

2007-09-21T19:18:00.000-07:00

John Raciti's Y-DNA Results: 'R1b1c'

M173+ M207+ M269+ M343+ P25+

M126- M153- M160- M18- M222- M37- M65- M73- P66- SRY2627-

R1b1c* reflects Paleolithic hunter - gatherer populations that overwintered in the Franco - Cantabrian Refugium during the last Ice Ages.

I am of Ibero-Finnic origin.

2007-09-10T16:57:00.001-07:00

I am of Ibero-Finnic origin. Ibero - could have come from Normans/Lombards or Argonese groups that made it to Randazzo, CT, Sicily. Finnic - could have come from Normans/Lombards or other Germanic groups Goths/Visigoths... my combo is U5a1a and R1b1c6. I have two daughters - one with blonde hair (that's now darkened) with blue eyes, and the other with dark brown hair and dark brown eyes.

My Ancient Relatives

2007-09-05T03:23:00.000-07:00

Cheddar Man
U5a

Colla Uais
R1b

Niall
R1b

Spencer Wells
R1b

Charlie Rose
R1b

John Adams
R1b

M167
R1b1c6
aka SRY2627;
Underhill et al (2000);
Underhill et al (2001)

R1b:

2007-09-03T02:44:00.001-07:00

R1b:

England - 67%
Scotland - 72%
Wales - 82%

Primitive Italian People

2007-09-02T18:40:00.001-07:00

Primitive Italian People

Ibero-Finnic Tribe.

Etruscans…

A team of geneticists from different universities in Italy and Spain undertook the first genetic studies of the ancient Etruscans, based on mitochondrial DNA from 80 bone samples taken from tombs dating from the seventh century to the third century BC in Etruria. This study finds that they were more related to each other than to the general population of modern Italy. Recent studies suggested a Near East origin (U5a1a and R1b1c6).

Y-DNA DYS Values

2007-08-28T06:49:00.001-07:00

Y-DNA DYS Values

FTDNA Haplogroup

Haplogroup	Tests
R1b1c	-

Your Haplogroup test is on order.

FTDNA DYS markers

We provide the actual scientific Allele values and DYS #'s for your results unless the markers were discovered at the University of Arizona and do not have a publication schedule. When that situation occurs we provide your results in "scores" to allow us to use the marker without compromising the discoverer until publication dates have been established.

We are pleased to report your results below:
Understanding your results.

PANEL 1 (1-12)
Locus	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
DYS#	393	390	19*	391	385a	385b	426	388	439	389-1	392	389-2***
Alleles	13	24	14	11	11	14	12	12	12	13	13	29

*Also known as DYS 394

***A value of “0” for any marker indicates that the lab reported a null value or no result for this marker. All cases of this nature are retested multiple times by the lab to confirm their accuracy. Mutations causing null values are infrequent, but are passed on to offspring just like other mutations, so related male lineages such as a father and son would likely share any null values.

***You will notice that the Genographic Project and Family Tree DNA report DYS389-2 differently. Click here to learn more about it.

Basques

2007-08-28T06:25:00.000-07:00

By far the majority of male gene types in the derive from Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal), ranging from a low of 59% in Fakenham, Norfolk to highs of 96% in Llangefni, north Wales and 93% Castlerea, Ireland. On average only 30% of gene types in England derive from north-west Europe. Even without dating the earlier waves of north-west European immigration, this invalidates the Anglo-Saxon wipeout theory... ...75-95% of British and Irelanders (genetic) matches derive from Iberia...Ireland, coastal Wales, and central and west-coast Scotland are almost entirely made up from Iberian founders, while the rest of the non-English parts of the Britain and Ireland have similarly high rates. England has rather lower rates of Iberian types with marked heterogeneity, but no English sample has less than 58% of Iberian samples...

In Rosser's work, the closest population to the Basques is in Cornwall, followed closely by Ireland, Scotland, Spain, Belgium, Portugal, East Anglia and then northern France.

The Nordic & Celtic DNA Project

2007-08-26T05:55:00.001-07:00

The Nordic & Celtic DNA Project

John Raciti was the founder of The Nordic & Celtic DNA Project started back in April 2006 and now is one of the largest Celtic DNA group that has 1593 members and growing (3rd largest Celtic DNA group in the World).

Group Administrator:
John Raciti

Group Co-Administrator:
Jane Raciti

Here's the link:

http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Nordic-Celtic

My Related to Brits: Colla Uais, Niall and Cheddar Man

2007-08-11T00:47:00.000-07:00

Colla Uais - Father of the Clans

A High King of Ireland, Colla seized Ulster and then took his followers to Scotland around 325AD. His descendants, Fergus, Loarn and Angus (sons of Erc) became the "founder" lines for the Scottish kingdom of Dalriada circa 465AD (Source article). Mark E. MacDonald, the National Historian for Clan Donald and Director of the DNA project, has deduced Colla's haplotype based on DNA results from many various Scottish clan DNA projects.

Colla Uais

R1b
13 24 14 10 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 30 18 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 15 17 17

Niall of the Nine Hostages

Like Colla Uais, Niall Noigíallach, was a High King of Ireland, and the father of millions of descendants. He lived in the 5th century, and his estimated death date is 450/455 AD (Source). The Southern and Northern Uí Néill (meaning "descendants of Niall"; Uí pronounced 'Ee') dynasties produced the Irish High Kings for centuries and includes St. Columba, Niall's great-great grandson.

Niall

R1b
13 25 14 11 11 13 12 12 12 13 14 29 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 18 30 15 16 16 17

Cheddar Man

n 1903, skeletal remains were found in a cave in Cheddar, England. The remains of a 23 year-old man, who was killed by a blow to the face, were discovered to be at least 9,000 years old. Ninety-four years after the discovery of "Cheddar Man", scientists were able to extract mitochondrial DNA from his tooth cavity. Mitosearch: 7MRU2

Cheddar Man U5a 16192T, 16270T

Bryan Sykes, and his team at Oxford University distributed DNA test kits to local Cheddar schools, and a match was found to a local schoolteacher, Adrian Targett. Read more on Cheddar Man.

The Caggegi Family

2007-08-11T00:23:00.001-07:00

The Caggegi Family: from Haggi, the family of the Haggites - The children of Gad.

The Gadites were assigned the lands of Jazer
and of Gilead (Jordan).

Gad: A Troop or a Camp.

Egyptian princess named Scota

2007-08-11T00:19:00.000-07:00

"According to the ancient Scots Chronicles the origin of the Scottish people, at least in part, derives from the Pharaonic lineage of an Egyptian princess named Scota, who may have lived around 1500 B.C. The old Irish Annals support this same tradition saying that Scota came to Ireland, via Spain, from Egypt. Even today the placename Glen Scota traditionally records her presence in Ireland. Subsequently descendants of Scota migrated to Scotland around 300 B.C. from whence came the Scots royal lineage."

2007-08-03T22:31:00.000-07:00

http://www.slavesofdemocracy.net/14.htm

Cymbri, Cimbri:

2007-08-03T21:50:00.000-07:00

Cymbri, Cimbri:

Descendants

The population of modern-day Himmerland claims to be the heirs of the ancient Cimbri. The adventures of the Cimbri are described by the Danish nobel-prize-winning author, Johannes V. Jensen, himself born in Himmerland, in the novel Cimbrernes Tog (1922), included in the cycle Den lange Rejse (Eng. The Long Journey, 1923). The so-called Cimbrian bull ("Cimbrertyren"), a sculpture made by the artist Anders Bundgaard, was erected 14 April 1937 on a central town square in Aalborg, the capital of the province.

In Northern Italy, a Germanic language traditionally called Cimbrian is spoken in some villages near the cities of Verona and Vicenza. Since the 14th century, it was believed that the speakers were the direct descendants of the Cimbrians defeated at Vercelli (some hundred kilometers to the west). However, this is most certainly not true.[14] The language is in fact related to the Austro-Bavarian dialects of German like many other Upper German dialects in Northern Italy, it is only more isolated and therefore less recognizable as German. The name was either indigenous (from Zimmer = "timber"?) or given to them by Italian humanists who wanted to find this "living fossil" of antiquity.

The Danish Vikings (and possibly some Jutes who arrived in Kent, Hampshire, and the Isle of Wight circa 449 AD) who settled in the English Danelaw doubtless included Cimbri descendants from the Limfjord in Himmerland. In addition to providing detailed archaeological, historical and linguistic data to provide a chronological perspective relating to the Cimbri and their associates the Teutones, a recent study [2] focuses on genetic data. The Y-chromosome "signatures" of some from the Danish speaking area of the Danelaw (but not elsewhere in England or in Ireland at all), as well as regions believed to be settled by the Cimbri in Iron Age times (e.g., southeastern Norway), possess the single nucleotide polymorphism marker S28. This marker, which defines the phylogenetic category R1b1c10 is found at highest concentration in the Alpine areas of Germany, Switzerland and Italy and fans out across the area of Central Europe, as far east as Greece, known to have been inhabited by the La Tene Celts.

The Sicambri

2007-08-03T21:38:00.001-07:00

The Sicambri (var. Sicambers, Sicambres, Sigambrer, Sugumbrer, or Sugambri) were a Germanic people living in what is now called the Netherlands at the the turn of the first millennium. They became Frankish in the 4th century and had an unknown — perhaps ancestral — relation with the Low Franconian Salians.

The Merovingian bloodline, descended from Charlemagne

2007-08-03T20:50:00.000-07:00

The elm at Gisors represented the Merovingian bloodline, and the battle was about the claim to the right to rule. Henry II was the grandson of Fulk V, King of Jerusalem. But this title was bestowed through marriage to the daughter of the previous King of Jerusalem, Baldwin, who did have a direct male succession from the Merovingian Kings. Henry II's claim to France was based on obscuring the truth; his claim to blood descent was untruthful but politically worth making if the facts could be obscured. However, in a more relevant light, his son Richard did embody a true claim, because his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, was descended from Charlemagne and therefore Clovis, one of the first Merovingian Kings. The Plantagenets established their Merovingian heritage only through Eleanor of Aquitaine; it was valid for Richard to make the claim (though he couldn't because he wasn't yet king), but not for Henry II - even though his grandfather had married the daughter of a legitimate lineal male descendant of the Merovingian line and thus became the third King of Jerusalem after Godfroi and Baldwin.

The Merovingian kings DNA - Salian Franks DNA - Gauls DNA.

2007-08-03T20:24:00.000-07:00

The Merovingian kings DNA - Salian Franks DNA - Gauls DNA.

I believe - there are strong connections with The Merovingian kings, Salian Franks, Gauls, Saxons and Longobards / Lombards. These various Germanic peoples were from the Rhine delta area. The DNA is 6% exact with Wales - Galles (in Italian) Galles, Gallic, Gauls... The DNA is 2% exact with Gallo-Roman/Norman/Lombard Sicilians. It has been has to tell the difference between Franks, Saxons and Lombards. I'm starting to think it going to take some time before we can. I know that The Merovingian kings were R1b1c Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH). They were not Semitic in origin like history tells... or were they the lost ten tribes?

__________________
Group Administrator of the Nordic and Celtic DNA Project - (Saami & Iberian).

http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Nordic-Celtic

Descendant of The Saami, reindeer hunters of Scandinavia and The Cro-Magnon of southern France.

I have Salic DNA

2007-08-03T19:30:00.000-07:00

Galles-Wales

The Gauls, Gaul (Latin: Gallia)

Etymology

Some histories asserted that the Merovingian kings were descended from the Sicambri, a Germanic tribe, asserting that this tribe had changed their name to "Franks" in 11 BC, following their defeat and relocation by Drusus, under the leadership of a certain chieftain called Francio. The Chronicle of Fredegar is the earliest source for this chieftain, and it is widely agreed among historians (including A. C. Murray, Ian Woods, Rosamund McKitterick, and J. M. Wallace-Hadrill) that "Francio" is a Fredegarian invention.

The ethnonym has also been traced to *frankon (Old English franca), meaning "javelin, lance." This would compare to the seax (knife) after which the Saxons were named or the halberd (battle-axe) after which the Lombards may have been named. The throwing axe of the Franks is known as the francisca but, conversely, the weapon may have been named after the tribe. A. C. Murray says, "The etymology of 'Franci' is uncertain ('the fierce ones' is the favourite explanation), but the name is undoubtedly of Germanic origin."

The meaning of "free" (e.g. English frank, frankly, franklin) arose because, after the conquest of Gaul, only Franks were free of taxation.

The Sicambri (var. Sicambers, Sicambres, Sigambrer, Sugumbrer, or Sugambri) were a Germanic people living in what is now called the Netherlands at the the turn of the first millennium. They became Frankish in the 4th century and had an unknown — perhaps ancestral — relation with the Low Franconian Salians.

Sicamber

Sicambria

The Merovingian kings claimed descent of their dynasty from the Sicambri

The Merovingians were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region largely corresponding to ancient Gaul from the mid fifth to the mid eighth century. Their politics involved frequent civil warfare between branches of the family. During the final century of the Merovingian rule, the dynasty was increasingly pushed into a ceremonial role. The Merovingian rule was ended by a palace coup in 751 when Pippin the Short formally deposed Childeric III, beginning the Carolingian monarchy.

They were sometimes referred to as the "long-haired kings" (Latin reges criniti) by contemporaries, for their symbolically unshorn hair (traditionally the tribal leader of the Franks wore his hair long, as distinct from the Romans and the tonsured clergy). The term Merovingian is drawn directly from Low Franconian, akin to their dynasty's Old English name Merewīowing.

Origins

The Merovingian dynasty owes its name to the semi-legendary Merovech, (Latinised as Meroveus or Merovius), leader of the Salian Franks, and emerges into wider history with the victories of his son Childeric I (reigned c.457 – 481) against the Visigoths, Saxons, and Alemanni. Childeric's son Clovis I went on to unite most of Gaul north of the Loire under his control around 486, when he defeated Syagrius, the Roman ruler in those parts. He won the Battle of Tolbiac against the Alemanni in 496, on which occasion he adopted his wife's Nicene Christian faith, and decisively defeated the Visigothic kingdom of Toulouse in the Battle of Vouillé in 507. After Clovis' death, his kingdom was partitioned among his four sons, according to Frankish custom. Over the next century, this tradition of partition would continue. Even when multiple Merovingian kings ruled, the kingdom — not unlike the late Roman Empire — was conceived of as a single entity ruled collectively by several kings (in their own realms) and the turn of events could result in the reunification of the whole kingdom under a single king. Leadership among the early Merovingians was probably based on mythical descent and alleged divine patronage, expressed in terms of continued military success.

History

Upon Clovis' death in 511, the Merovingian kingdom included all the Franks and all of Gaul but Burgundy. To the outside, the kingdom, even when divided under different kings, maintained unity and conquered Burgundy in 534. After the fall of the Ostrogoths, the Franks also conquered Provence. After this their borders with Italy (ruled by the Lombards since 568) and Visigothic Septimania remained fairly stable.[1]

Internally, the kingdom was divided among Clovis' sons and later among his grandsons and frequently saw war between the different kings, who quickly allied among themselves and against one another. The death of one king would create conflict between the surviving brothers and the deceased's sons, with differing outcomes. Later, conflicts were intensified by the personal feud around Brunhilda. However, yearly warfare often did not constitute general devastation but took on an almost ritual character, with established 'rules' and norms.[2]

Eventually, Clotaire II in 613 reunited the entire Frankish realm under one ruler. Later divisions produced the stable units of Austrasia, Neustria, Burgundy and Aquitania.

The frequent wars had weakened royal power, while the aristocracy had made great gains and procured enormous concessions from the kings in return for their support. These concessions saw the very considerable power of the king parcelled out and retained by leading comites and duces (counts and dukes). Very little is in fact known about the course of the seventh century due to a scarcity of sources, but Merovingians remained in power until the eighth century.

Clotaire's son Dagobert I (died 639), who had sent troops to Spain and pagan Slavic territories in the east, is commonly seen the last powerful Merovingian King. Later kings are known as rois fainéants ("do-nothing kings"), despite the fact only the last two kings did nothing. The kings, even strong-willed men like Dagobert II and Chilperic II, were not the main agents of political conflicts, leaving this role to their mayors of the palace, who increasingly substituted their own interest for their king's. Many kings came to the throne at a young age and died in the prime of life, weakening royal power further.

The conflict between mayors was ended when the Austrasians under the Pepin the Middle triumphed in 687 in the Battle of Tertry. After this, Pepin, though not a king, was the political ruler of the Frankish kingdom and left this position as a heritage to his sons. It was now the sons of the mayor that divided the realm among each other under the rule of a single king.

After Pepin's long rule, his son Charles Martel assumed power, fighting against nobles and his own step-mother. His reputation for ruthlessness further undermined the king's position. During the last years of his life he even ruled without a king, though he did not assume royal dignity. His sons Carloman and Pepin again appointed a Merovingian figure-head to stem rebellion on the kingdom's periphery, but in 751, Pepin finally displaced the last Merovingian and, with the support of the nobility and the blessing of Pope Zachary, himself assumed the title of a King of the Franks. The deposed Merovingian was sent into a monastery, bereft of his symbolic long hair. With Pepin, the Carolingians ruled the Franks as Kings.

Government and law

The Merovingian king was the master of the booty of war, both movable and in lands and their folk, and he was in charge of the redistribution of conquered wealth among his followers, though these powers were not absolute. "When he died his property was divided equally among his heirs as though it were private property: the kingdom was a form of patrimony" (Rouche 1987 p 420). Some scholars have attributed this to the Merovingians lacking a sense of res publica, but other historians have criticized this view as an oversimplification.

The kings appointed magnates to be comites (counts), charging them with defense, administration, and the judgement of disputes. This happened against the backdrop of a newly isolated Europe without its Roman systems of taxation and bureaucracy, the Franks having taken over administration as they gradually penetrated into the thoroughly Romanised west and south of Gaul. The counts had to provide armies, enlisting their milites and endowing them with land in return. These armies were subject to the king's call for military support. There were annual national assemblies of the nobles of the realm and their armed retainers which decided major policies of warmaking. The army also acclaimed new kings by raising them on its shields in a continuance of ancient practice which made the king the leader of the warrior-band. Furthermore, the king was expected to support himself with the products of his private domain (royal demesne), which was called the fisc. This system developed in time into feudalism, and expectations of royal self-sufficiency lasted until the Hundred Years' War. Trade declined with the decline and fall of the Roman Empire, and agricultural estates were mostly self-sufficient. The remaining international trade was dominated by Middle Eastern merchants.

Merovingian law was not universal law equally applicable to all; it was applied to each man according to his origin: Ripuarian Franks were subject to their own Lex Ripuaria, codified at a late date (Beyerle and Buchner 1954), while the so-called Lex Salica (Salic Law) of the Salian clans, first tentatively codified in 511 (Rouche 1987 p 423) was invoked under medieval exigencies as late as the Valois era. In this the Franks lagged behind the Burgundians and the Visigoths, that they had no universal Roman-based law. In Merovingian times, law remained in the rote memorisation of rachimburgs, who memorised all the precedents on which it was based, for Merovingian law did not admit of the concept of creating new law, only of maintaining tradition. Nor did its Germanic traditions offer any code of civil law required of urbanised society, such as Justinian caused to be assembled and promulgated in the Byzantine Empire. The few surviving Merovingian edicts are almost entirely concerned with settling divisions of estates among heirs.

[edit] Religion and culture

Main articles: Merovingian art and architecture and Merovingian script

Merovingian culture was so thoroughly imbued with religion that Yitzhak Hen found that a presentation of Merovingian popular culture was essentially synonymous with Merovingian religion, which he presented through written texts.[3] Merovingian culture certainly witnessed an extensive proliferation of saints.

Christianity was brought to the Franks by monks. The most famous of these missionaries is St. Columbanus, an Irish monk who enjoyed great influence with Queen Balthild. Merovingian kings and queens used the newly forming ecclesiastical power structure to their advantage. Monasteries and episcopal seats were shrewdly awarded to elites who supported the dynasty. Extensive parcels of land were donated to monasteries to exempt those lands from royal taxation and to preserve them within the family. The family would maintain its dominance over the monastery by appointing family members as abbots. Extra sons and daughters who could not be married off were sent to monasteries so that they would not threaten the inheritance of older children. This pragmatic use of monasteries ensured close ties between elites and monastic properties.

Numerous Merovingians who served as bishops and abbots, or who generously funded abbeys and monasteries, were rewarded with sainthood. The outstanding handful of Frankish saints who were not of the Merovingian kinship nor the family alliances that provided Merovingian counts and dukes, deserve a closer inspection for that fact alone: like Gregory of Tours, they were almost without exception from the Gallo-Roman aristocracy in regions south and west of Merovingian control. The most characteristic form of Merovingian literature is represented by the Lives of the saints. Merovingian hagiography did not set out to reconstruct a biography in the Roman or the modern sense, but to attract and hold popular devotion by the formulas of elaborate literary exercises, through which the Frankish Church channeled popular piety within orthodox channels, defined the nature of sanctity and retained some control over the posthumous cults that developed spontaneously at burial sites, where the life-force of the saint lingered, to do good for the votary.[4] The vitae et miracula, for impressive miracles were an essential element of Merovingian hagiography, were read aloud on saints’ feast days. Many Merovingian saints, and the majority of female saints, were local ones, venerated only within strictly circumscribed regions; their cults were revived in the High Middle Ages, when the population of women in religious orders increased enormously. Judith Oliver noted five Merovingian female saints in the diocese of Liège who appeared in a long list of saints in a late thirteenth-century psalter-hours.[5] The characteristics they shared with many Merovingian female saints may be mentioned: Regenulfa of Incourt, a seventh-century virgin in French-speaking Brabant of the ancestral line of the dukes of Brabant fled from a proposal of marriage to live isolated in the forest, where a curative spring sprang forth at her touch; Ermelindis of Meldert, a sixth-century virgin descended from Pepin I, inhabited several isolated villas; Begga of Andenne,the mother of Pepin II, founded seven churches in Andenne during her widowhood; the purely legendary "Oda of Amay" was drawn into the Carolingian line by spurious genealogy in her thirteenth-century vita, which made her the mother of Arnulf, Bishop of Metz, but she has been identified with the historical Saint Chrodoara;[6] finally, the widely-venerated Gertrude of Nivelles, sister of Begga in the Carolingian ancestry, was abbess of a nunnery established by her mother. The vitae of six late Merovingian saints that illustrate the political history of the era have been translated and edited by Paul Fouracre and Richard A. Gerberding, and presented with Liber Historiae Francorum, to provide some historical context.[7]

[edit] Merovingian saints of more than local cult

[edit] Queens and abbesses

* Genovefa (Genevieve), virgin of Paris (died 502);
* Clothilde, queen of the Franks (died 544/45);
* Monegund, widow and recluse of Tours (died 544);
* Radegund, Thuringian princess who founded a monastery at Poitiers (died 587);
* Rusticula, abbess of Arles (died 632);
* Cesaria II, abbess of St Jean of Arles (died ca 550);
* Glodesind, abbess in Metz (died ca 600);
* Burgundofara, abbess of Moutiers (died 645);
* Sadalberga, abbess of Laon (died 670);
* Rictrude, founding abbess of Marchiennes (died 688);
* Itta, founding abbess of Nivelles (died 652);
* Begga, abbess of Andenne (died 693);
* Gertrude of Nivelles, abbess of Nivelles (died 658) presented in The Life of St. Geretrude (in Fouracre and Gerberding 1996);
* Aldegund, abbess of Mauberges (died ca 684);
* Waltrude, abbess of Mons (died ca 688);
* Balthild, queen of the Franks (died ca 680), presented in The Life of Lady Bathild, Queen of the Franks (in Fouracre and Gerberding 1996);
* Eustadiola, widow of Bourges (died 684);
* Bertilla, abbess of Chelles (died ca. 700);
* Anstrude, abbess of Laon (died before 709);
* Austreberta, abbess of Pavilly (died 703);

[edit] Bishops and abbots

* Audouin of Rouen, presented in The Life of Audoin, Bishop of Rouen (in Fouracre and Gerberding 1996);
* Aunemond, presented in The Deeds of Aunemond (in Fouracre and Gerberding 1996);
* Leodegar, bishop of Autun; presented in The Suffering of Ludegar (in Fouracre and Gerberding 1996);
* Praejectus The Suffering of Praejectus (in Fouracre and Gerberding 1996);
* Eligius/Eloi;
* Prætextatus, Bishop of Rouen and friend of Gregory;
* Gregory of Tours, Bishop of Tours and historian;
* Hubertus, Apostle of the Ardennes and first Bishop of Liège.

[edit] Historiography and sources

There exists a limited number of contemporary sources for the history of the Merovingian Franks, but those which have survived cover the entire period from Clovis' succession to Childeric's deposition. First and foremost among chroniclers of the age is the canonised bishop of Tours, Gregory of Tours. His Decem Libri Historiarum is a primary source for the reigns of the sons of Clotaire II and their descendants until Gregory's own death.

The next major source, far less organised than Gregory's work, is the Chronicle of Fredegar, begun by Fredegar but continued by unknown authors. It covers the period from 584 to 641, though its continuators, under Carolingian patronage, extended it to 768, after the close of the Merovingian era. It is the only primary narrative source for much of its period. The only other major contemporary source is the Liber Historiae Francorum, an anonymous adaptation of Gregory's work apparently ignorant of Fredegar's chronicle: its author(s) ends with a reference to Theuderic IV's sixth year, which would be 727. It was widely read; though it was undoubtedly a piece of Arnulfing work, and its biases cause it to mislead (for instance, concerning the two decades between the controversies surrounding mayors Grimoald the Elder and Ebroin: 652-673).

Aside from these chronicles, the only surviving reservoires of historiography are letters, capitularies, and the like. Clerical men such as Gregory and Sulpitius the Pious were letter-writers, though relatively few letters survive. Edicts, grants, and judicial decisions survive, as well as the famous Lex Salica, mentioned above. From the reign of Clotaire II and Dagobert I survive many examples of the royal position as the supreme justice and final arbiter. There also survive biographical Lives of saints of the period, for instance Saint Eligius and Leodegar, written soon after their subjects' deaths.

Finally, archaeological evidence cannot be ignored as a source for information, at the very least, on the modus vivendi of the Franks of the time. Among the greatest discoveries of lost objects was the 1653 accidental uncovering of Childeric I's tomb in the church of Saint Brice in Tournai. The grave objects included a golden bull's head and the famous golden insects (perhaps bees, cicadas, aphids, or flies) on which Napoleon modelled his coronation cloak. In 1957, the sepulchre of Clotaire I's second wife, Aregund, was discovered in Saint Denis Basilica in Paris. The funerary clothing and jewellery were reasonably well-preserved, giving us a look into the costume of the time.

[edit] Numismatics

Byzantine coinage was in use in Francia before Theudebert I began minting his own money at the start of his reign. He was the first to issue distinctly Merovingian coinage. The solidus and triens were minted in Francia between 534 and 679. The denarius (or denier) appeared later, in the name of Childeric II and various non-royals around 673–675. A Carolingian denarius replaced the Merovingian one, and the Frisian penning, in Gaul from 755 to the eleventh century.

Merovingian coins are on display at the Monnaie de Paris in Paris.

Merovingian Kings
Kings of All the Franks
Kings of Neustria
Kings of Austrasia
Chlodio
Merovech
Childeric I ? -481
Clovis I 481 - 511
Childebert I 511-558
Chlothar I 511-561
Chlodomer 511-524
Theuderic I 511-534
Theudebert I 534-548
Theudebald 548-555
Chlothar I 558-561
Charibert I 561-567
Chilperic I 561-584
Chlothar II 584-629
Guntram 561-592
Childebert II 592-595
Theuderic II 595-613
Sigebert II 613
Sigebert I 561-575
Childebert II 575-595
Theudebert II 595-612
Theuderic II 612-613
Sigebert II 613
Chlothar II 613-629
Dagobert I 623-629
Dagobert I 629-639
Charibert II 629-632
Chilperic 632
Clovis II 639-658
Chlothar III 658-673
Theuderic III 673
Childeric II 673-675
Theuderic III 675-691
Sigebert III 634-656
Childebert the Adopted 656-661
Chlothar III 661-662
Childeric II 662-675
Clovis III 675-676
Dagobert II 676-679
Theuderic III 679-691
Clovis IV 691-695
Childebert III 695-711
Dagobert III 711-715
Chilperic II 715-720
Chlothar IV 717-720
Theuderic IV 721-737
Childeric III 743-751

Salian Franks
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See also: Salian dynasty

The Salian Franks or Salii were a subgroup of the early Franks who originally had been living North of the limes in the coastal area above the Rhine in the northern Netherlands, where today still is a region called Salland. The Merovingian kings, responsible for the conquest of Gaul were of Salian stock.

From the early 7th century on the name Salian Franks is used to contrast with the Ripuarian Franks. The name Ripuarian is believed to mean 'river-dwelling'. Therefore the name Salian may refer to salt and, by extension, the sea, i.e. 'sea-dwelling'. Alternatively, it may be derived from the Roman name for a river in the Netherlands: Isala, currently named IJssel in Dutch. Even nowadays, this area is called Salland. In Latin texts the word Salii otherwise is used for the dancing priests of Mars. The early Salian Franks were known to be another warlike Germanic people. Even though after settling within Roman territory, they were to develop an organized society that tilled the land and did not pose a threat over the neighboring Romans.

Since eventually the Salians fully merged into the Franks their separate identity was already lost in Carolingian times. Their language belongs to - and is ancestral to - the family of Low Franconian dialects. The Salian Franks formed the foundation for early Dutch culture and society. According to modern scholars like Robinson their language evolved into Dutch.

History

Their original vicinity to the sea has been attested by the first historic records of Franks, being described by the Romans as pirates. This changed when the Saxons drove them south into Roman territory. Among others, their history is attested by Ammianus Marcellinus and Zosimus, who described their migrations towards the southern Netherlands, and Belgium. The first crossed the Rhine during the Roman upheavels and subsequent Germanic breakthrough in 260 AD. When peace had returned Roman Emperor Constantius I Chlorus allowed the Salians to settle at 297 AD between the Batavians, where they soon came to dominate the Batavian island in the Rhine delta. It is not known whether this people were obliged to serve the Roman army like the Batavians before them, or if they were assigned another territory close to the Black Sea, so the backgrounds of the seafaring Franks whose story was written down during the reign of emperor Probus (276-282), are not clear when a large group decided to hijack some ships and return from Eastern Europe - reaching their homes in the Rhine estuaries without large losses through Greece, Sicily and Gibraltar, although not without causing mayhem.[1] Franks ceased to be associated with seafaring when other Germanic tribes, probably Saxons, drove them to the south. The Saliens received protection from the Romans and in return were recruited by Constantius Gallus - together with the other inhabitants of the Batavian isle. However, this did not prevent the onslaught of the Germanic tribes to the north, by then probably especially from Chamavi signature. The Salian subsequent "unashamed" settlement within Roman territory in Toxandria, Belgium, was answered by the future Roman Emperor Julian the Apostate, who attacked them. To him the Salians surrendered in 358 AD, accepting Roman terms[2].

The Salian tribes constituted a loose confederacy, that stood up together in order to negotiate with Roman authority. Each tribe was made up of extended familiar groups, gathered around a particular family, seen as specially renowned and noble. The importance of such a family bond was made clear by the Salic Law, that ordained that an individual has no right to protection in the case he is not part of a family. One particular Salian family comes to the light of Frankish history in the early fifth century, in time to become the Merovingians - Salian kings named after Childeric's mythical father Merovech whose birth was atttributed with supernatural elements.

From the 420s onwards, headed by a certain Chlodio that expanded their territory to the Somme into northern France, they formed a kingdom in that area, with the Belgian city of Tournai becoming the center of their domain. This kingdom was extended even further by Childeric and especially Clovis, who gained control over Roman Gaul, i.e. France, which bears its current name after the Franks.

In 451, Flavius Aëtius , de facto ruler of the Western Roman Empire, called upon his Germanic allies on Roman soil to help fight off an invasion by Attila's Huns. The Salian Franks answered the call.

Clovis, king of the Salian Franks, became the absolute ruler of a Germanic kingdom of mixed Roman-Germanic population in 486. He consolidated his rule with victories over the Gallo-Romans and all the other Frankish tribes and established his capital in Paris. After he had beaten the Visigoths and the Alemanni his sons drove the Visigoths to Spain and subdued the Burgundians, Alemanni and Thuringians. After 250 years of this dynasty, however, they were marked by internecine struggles and a gradual decline. The position in society of the Merovingians was taken over by Carolingians who again came from a northern area around the river Maas in what is now Belgium and southern Netherlands.

In Gaul a fusion of Roman and Germanic societies was occurring. During the period of Merovingian rule, the Franks reluctantly began to adopt Christianity following the baptism of Clovis I, an event that inaugurated the alliance between the Frankish kingdom and the Roman Catholic Church. Unlike their Goth and Lombard counterparts the Salians adopted Catholic Christianity early on; they had an intimate relationship with their ecclesiastical hierarchy, subjects, and conquered territories.

The division of the Frankish kingdom among Clovis’s four sons (511) was a precedent that would influence Frankish history for more than four centuries. By then the Salic Law had established the exclusive right to succession of male descendents. However, this principle turned out to be an exercise in interpretation, rather than the simple implementation of a new model of succession. No trace of an established practice of territorial division can in fact be discovered among Germanic peoples other than the Franks.

By the 9th century, if not earlier, the division between Salian and Ripuarian Franks had in practice become virtually non-existent, but continued for some time to have implications for the legal system under which a person could go on trial. The adjective Salian as applied to the Frankish people is the origin of the name of the Salic Law.

Mythology

Pagan Salian Mythology, based on polytheistic beliefs, is supposed to have flourished among the Salian Franks until the conversion of Clovis to Christianity, after which paganism withered slowly.

The Merovingian kings
Salland

The Salian Franks or Salii were a subgroup of the early Franks who originally had been living North of the limes in the coastal area above the Rhine in the northern Netherlands, where today still is a region called Salland. The Merovingian kings, responsible for the conquest of Gaul were of Salian stock.

AZZO: Old German name meaning "noble at birth."

2007-07-31T04:32:00.001-07:00

Azzolina

Acelin
French

Diminutive form of Old French Asce, Ace from Old German Azzo meaning "noble; high birth." Ezzelin was the form in which it took root in Italy. Common in the 13th century, it gave rise to various surnames, such as Aslin, Ashlin, Asling, Acelet. The name is not in use anymore in France.

ACEL: Nickname for English Acelin, meaning "noble at birth."

ACELIN: English diminutive form of French Asce, meaning "little noble one."

ASCE: Old French name, derived from German Azzo, meaning "noble at birth."

AZZO: Old German name meaning "noble at birth."

ACEL: Nickname for English Acelin, meaning "noble at birth."

ACELET: Variant of English Acelin, meaning "noble at birth."

ACELIN: English diminutive form of French Asce, meaning "little noble one."